A, 0, THE, or -S ?

Foreword

There is a great gap between understanding and composition (speaking and writing) in learning a foreign language. This manual was written for those who can read English without difficulty, but have problems in speaking and writing.

There are two kinds of listening or reading, listening or reading for understanding and listening and reading for speaking and writing. If you are good in the first kind, then you should try the second. Ideally, it is better to try simultaneously the two kinds from the beginning, because it is hard to eliminate your bad habits, incorrect expressions in English in this case, once they stick to you. However, if you are already very good at the first kind but poor at the second kind, you can sometimes stop bothering about meaning and pay attention to grammatically and idiomatically correct sequences of English words.

For the same reason, I strongly recommend that English teachers at high school conduct their lessons in English for students who have already studied English for at least three years and that students use an English-to-English dictionary for students of English as a second language (ESL). If you are a college student, you should put your English to your native language dictionary away, though you still need a dictionary from your native language to English.

One of the greatest difficulties for non-native speakers of English in speaking and writing English as naturally as native speakers is the use of articles and plural forms. In particular, it is the number-one priority for those people whose first language has no articles and even no plural forms --for example, Russian and Polish have no articles, and Japanese has neither articles nor plural forms. It seems that the difficulties result from differences that are so deep-seated as at the level of the neural circuits of the speakers.

Therefore, most English dictionaries for non-native speakers have entries indicating the countability of nouns. However, the entries are different from one dictionary to another, so that students are often confused. In this case, they cannot trust in any one dictionary, and need to rely on a great number of examples actually occurring in the real world.

However, this is not an efficient way for learners of any foreign language, in particular when they live in their native countries. Therefore, this manual provides a more systematic approach to the problem of how to use and not to use a, the, and -s. If you overcome this problem, you will have no doubt greater confidence in yourself when you speak or write in English.

Contents

Foreword

Part 1

Chapter 1 Classes of nouns

1.1 Countable, uncountable, and variable nouns

1.2 Primary and secondary meanings

1.3 Substantive and descriptive meanings.........

1.4 Labels of nouns....

1.5 Absolute U nouns and absolute C nouns....

1.6 DsU family...

1.7 SbU family...

1.8 DsC family...

1.9 SbC family ..

1.10 DsV family...

1.11 SbV family...

1.12 Labels for natural phenomena

Chapter 2 Determiners and modifiers

2.1 Central determiners,.......

2.2 Premodifiers and postmodifiers......

2.3 Descriptive modifiers

2.4 Possessive modifiers

2.5 Objective modifiers

2.6 Subjective modifiers

2.7 Adverbial modifiers .........

2.8 Appositive modifiers

2.9 Partitive modifiers

Chapter 3 Generic, definite, and indefinite reference

3.1 Levels of definiteness

3.2 Choices for U nouns....

3.3 Choices for C nouns....

3.4 Choices for V nouns....

3.5 Use of other determiners........

Chapter 4 General use of the

4.1 Direct reference

4.2 Uniqueness understood in context.........

4.3 Uniqueness generally understood.........

4.4 Uniqueness understood by Premodifiers.......

4.5 Uniqueness understood by postmodifiers......

4.6 the + P for all the things

4.7 the with other determiners

Chapter 5 Postmodified nouns

5.1 Nouns with possessive postmodifiers......

5.2 Nouns with objective postmodifiers......

5.3 Nouns with subjective postmodifiers

5.4 Nouns with descriptive postmodifiers......

5.5 Nouns with adverbial postmodifiers......

5.6 Nouns with appositive postmodifiers......

5.7 Participles versus -ing nouns

Chapter 6 Special use of 0, the, a, -s

6.1 0, the, a, -s with proper nouns....

6.2 A, 0, -s, and the in idioms

6.3 0 + C noun

6.4 A + U noun.....

6.5 A, another, every + plural nouns....

6.6 The denoting each, every with a C noun.

6.7 The with comparative and superlative adjectives

Chapter 7 Miscellaneous usages and forms

7.1 Distributive use of nouns....

7.2 Independent plural (IP) nouns .........

7.3 Collective (COL) nouns

7.4 Number agreement with verb forms....

7.5 Adjectives used as nouns....

7.6 Nouns used as premodifiers.......

7.7 Countable/uncountable pairs

7.8 Exceptions in forms

Part 2

Chapter 8 Nouns classified by labels

8.1A DsU or DsU_SecU.

8.1B DsU_SecC or DsU_SecU_SecC......

8.1C DsU_SecV or DsU_SecU_SecV......

8.1D DsU_SecC_SecV or DsU_SecU_SecC_SecV.

8.2A SbU or SbU_SecU.

8.2B SbU_SecC or SbU_SecU_SecC......

8.2C SbU_SecV or SbU_SecU_SecV......

8.2D SbU_SecC_SecV or SbU_SecU_SecC_SecV.

8.3A DsC or DsC_SecC.

8.3B DsC_SecU or DsC_SecC_SecU......

8.3C DsC_SecV or DsC_SecC_SecV......

8.3D DsC_SecU_SecV or DsC_SecC_SecU_SecV.

8.4A SbC or SbC_SecC.

8.4B SbC_SecU or SbC_SecC_SecU......

8.4C SbC_SecV or SbC_SecC_SecV......

8.4D SbC_SecU_SecV or SbC_SecC_SecU_SecV.

8.5A DsV or DsV_SecV.

8.5B DsV_SecU or DsV_SecV_SecU......

8.5C DsV_SecC or DsV_SecV_SecC......

8.5D DsV_SecU_SecC or DsV_SecV_SecU_SecC.

8.6A SbV or SbV_SecV.

8.6B SbV_SecU or SbV_SecV_SecU......

8.6C SbV_SecC or SbV_SecV_SecC......

8.6D SbV_SecU_SecC or SbV_SecV_SecU_SecC.

Chapter 9 Nouns classified by suffix and primary countability

9.1 Root nouns....

9.2 Nouns with suffixes.

PART 1

CHAPTER 1 CLASSES OF NOUNS

1.1 Countable, uncountable, and variable nouns

Nouns are used either as countable, uncountable, or variable nouns. They are respectively abbreviated as C, U, and V throughout this manual.

A C noun is the name of a thing that has a definite boundary that distinguishes itself from other things. The noun wall is C, no matter how large or long it is. For example, the Great Wall of China is supposed to be one wall starting at a definite place and ending at a definite place, even though it stretches for thousands of miles.

A U noun is the name of a thing that has no such boundary, because it is continuous, or abstract. The noun paper is an example.

A noun often has both concrete and abstract meanings and therefore is both C and U nouns depending on its meanings. For example, in the following two sentences, security and securities have clearly different meanings.

|The job offered him some security.

|I am interested in buying securities.

In the following two sentences, the difference of meaning between agreement and an agreement may be not so clear, but their meanings are still different and distinguished as a U noun and a C noun.

|They are in full agreement on this matter.

|They reached an agreement.

However, a V noun is a noun that is both countable and uncountable in almost an identical meaning. It is like a noun in a language where there is no article and or no plural forms such as Japanese. If you want to count you can use it as a C noun; if you do not, you can use it as a U noun without much difference in meaning. However, these choices are usually not so free to make. In practice, whether to use as countable or uncountable depends on individual contexts and also on conventions. Therefore, it requires a lot of experience to master the usage of some common V nouns that are complicated in the use of a, 0, -s, and the, such as culture, mind, service, tax, cost, and price.

1.2 Primary and secondary meanings

One word has usually several different meanings. A noun may be used as a U noun in one meaning, as a C noun in another meaning, and as a V noun in still another meaning. Therefore, we can further classify meanings of a noun into primary meanings and secondary meanings. A primary meaning is usually the historically oldest meaning of the noun. However, if an original meaning is no more used or rarely used at the present time, it is regarded as a secondary meaning in this manual. For example, the original meaning of paint is the action of painting, and it is a C noun in this meaning. But nowadays paint is rarely used for this meaning and used as a V noun that means liquid for painting. For the action of painting, a U form painting is used. To a lesser degree, meeting and petition are such nouns. The original meaning of meeting is the action of coming together to see each other. However, meeting is usually an event at which people come to see each other. Note that, in the sentence

|She angered her father by meeting James.

meeting means the action of seeing each other, but it is not a noun but classified as a participle or a gerund.

Secondary meanings are usually derivative meanings that have been successively added to originally meanings and prior derivative meanings by some relationships to the original or prior derivative meanings, such as similarities to the original or prior derivative meanings, a cause, result, or means of the original or prior derivative meanings. A secondary meaning is marked with Sec. For example, the primary meaning of punch is the action of punching, and a secondary meaning is effective power. The word punch has still another secondary meaning. For example, punch is a drink, and in that sense, it is a V noun. In this manual, rarely used secondary meanings are discarded.

1.3 Substantive and descriptive meanings

A meaning of a noun is either substantive or descriptive, marked with Sb and Ds respectively. A substantive meaning represents a name of a thing that can be thought of without something else. A descriptive meaning represents a name of the state, action, or quality of something else. For example, we can think of a book as a thing separate from others. However, we cannot think of beauty without considering something that is beautiful. Typical examples of nouns having primary descriptive meanings are those having the suffix ending -ing or -lization.

A punch means the action of punching in some context. Therefore, punch has a descriptive meaning, and is a C noun in that meaning.

Some nouns, such as action, act, activity, motion, work, feeling, and love are hard to distinguish their meanings between descriptive and substantive meanings. We must admit that a systematic approach usually cannot be applied in a clear-cut way. However, this distinction is not merely a matter of theory but often a critical factor in our decision about whether we should use a countable form or an uncountable form. For example, if we think of activity as descriptive, we usually use its U form, while we use its C form activities and an activity for its substantive meanings.

Further, even if we can distinguish a substantive meaning from a descriptive meaning, it is often hard to determine which meaning is primary and which meaning is secondary. Here we somewhat arbitrarily classify them in that the primary meanings of act, work, and feeling are substantive, while the primary meanings of action, activity, and love are descriptive.

The above two nouns, beauty and punch have also substantive meanings. A beauty may be a beautiful girl. In the sentence, his speech lacks punch, punch means effective power. Therefore, the noun beauty is descriptive and uncountable in one meaning, and substantive and countable in another meaning. The noun punch is descriptive and countable in one meaning and substantive and uncountable in another meaning.

The primary meanings of paint, meeting, and petition are respectively classified into substantive_variable, substantive_countable, and substantive_countable in this manual.

1.4. 12 Labels of nouns.

Meanings of nouns can be classified into 12 groups (3H2H2) as a result of the above discussions.

DsU: The primary meaning is descriptive, and the noun is uncountable when used for that meaning.

DsC: The primary meaning is descriptive, and the noun is countable when used for that meaning.

DsV: The primary meaning is descriptive, and the noun is variable when used for that meaning.

SbU: The primary meaning is substantive, and the noun is uncountable when used for that meaning.

SbC: The primary meaning is substantive, and the noun is countable when used for that meaning.

SbV: The primary meaning is substantive, and the noun is variable when used for that meaning.

SecDsU: The noun is descriptive and uncountable when used for a secondary meaning.

SecSbU: The noun is substantive and uncountable when used for a secondary meaning.

SecDsC: The noun is descriptive and countable when used for a secondary meaning.

SecSbC: The noun is substantive and countable when used for a secondary meaning.

SecDsV: The noun is descriptive and variable when used for a secondary meaning.

SecSbV: The noun is substantive and variable when used for a secondary meaning.

For example, beauty has the labels DsU and SecSbC. You see from Section 1.2 and 1.3 that the noun punch has the labels DsC and SecSbU, and SecSbV. However, there is still another meaning of punch. A punch is a tool, having the label SecSbC. A noun is called primarily uncountable, if it has the label DsU or SbU; primarily countable if it has the label DsC or SbC; primarily variable, it has the label DsV or SbV. For example, beauty is a primarily uncountable noun. Punch is a primarily countable noun.

In Part 2, various nouns are classified according to the combinations of the labels they have. There, the label SecU denotes SecDsU and/or SecSbU; SecC denotes SecDsC and/or SecSbC; SecV denotes SecDsV and/or SecSbV.

1.5 Absolute U nouns and absolute C nouns

Absolute U nouns are those that have no plural forms and never used as a + S forms. Their labels are DsU or DsU_SecU or SbU or SbU_SecU. They are listed in 8.1A and 8.2A in Part 2. For example

access, beef, blood, stuff, health, fun, information, news,

cash, destruction, mud, dust, furniture, violence, baggage,

music/unemployment, importance, maintenance, pork, prevention,

processing, progress, permission, prosperity, safety,

sanitation, segregation, transportation, luggage, advertising,

architecture,

It is important to memorize these nouns. Access in the meanings of a means of approach and a coming is C. But these usages are now rare.

|the number of memory accesses //Incorrect

|the number of memory access operations //Correct

|one of the high frequency and low frequency image informations //Incorrect

|one of the piece of high frequency image information and the piece of low frequency image information //Correct

On the other hand, absolute C nouns are always used as C nouns except some special cases that are discussed later, for example after the proposition by. Therefore, they require central determiners if they are not in plural forms. They are so many and often obvious, so that we should pay attention to confusing ones.

1.6 DsU family

Primary meanings of the nouns in this family are action or states of being. It seems that all -ing nouns originated in this family. However, some of the -ing nouns are labeled DsV.

Further, some of the -ing nouns are labeled SbC because their original meanings are completely lost or rarely used.

clothing (SbU), belongings (SbC), meeting (SbC).

In addition to -ing nouns, nouns in this family often have suffices, such as -tion, -ness, -izaion, -ity, -ment, -al, -ry, -ance. However, as seen in the above examples for -ing nouns, a lot of nouns having these suffixes are not U nouns. Examples are

appearance, advertisement, announcement, apartment //SbC

Therefore, in order to reinforce our knowledge, nouns are classified by their suffixes and countability in their primary meanings in Chapter 9.

DsU_SecSbC family:

A main subfamily of the DsU family is the DsU_SecSbC family, that is, the group of nouns having the labels DsU and SecSbC. In addition to their descriptive primary meanings in U usage, nouns in this subfamily in C usage have secondary meanings that are often objects, subjects, results, means, causes, or particular examples, etc. of action or states of being. Here we should pay attention to the word particular. If they can mean any examples or instances of action or states of being in C usage, then they should be labeled DsV, instead of DsU and SecSbC.

construction (=constructing) + a construction (=what is constricted)

communication (=communicating) + communications (= means for communication)

Among DsU_SecSbC nouns that behave like these are

-tion, -ion

action, addition, calculation, collection, communication,

competition, consideration, construction, correction,

creation, description, division, estimation, explanation,

illusion, indication, modification, motion, multiplication,

operation, opposition, perception, possession, prediction,

presentation, production, protection, publication, recording,

reduction, regulation, representation, salvation, selection,

subtraction, annoyance, distress

-y:

activity, difficulty, utility,

-ment:

agreement, embarrassment, commitment, development,

disappointment, establishment, excitement,

Others:

alarm, approach, comfort, failure, good, growth, help, honor,

pity, shame,success, support, surprise, torment, complaint,

compromise, worry, wonder,

Note that there are a great number of nouns with -tion or -ion ending in this group.

On the other hand, spending, means both the action of spending (DsU) and what is spent (SecSbU). The DsU_SecSbU subfamily is much smaller than the DsU_SecSbC subfamily:

spending, funding, insulation, plunder, probation,

The following are some meanings of SecSb nouns.

means of action:

cover, support, protection,

Source or cause of feeling:

pleasure, delight, joy, shame

Result of action:

description, production,

The following DsU nouns are far more often used as SecSb nouns.

|government, organization, company //SecSbC

|society, accommodation //SecSbV

1.7 SbU family

Material nouns:

In this family are material nouns such as

aluminum, calcium, hydrogen, peel, pitch² (for black substance), rubble, rust, stuff, tar, sweat, uranium, zinc,

The names of chemical elements are clearly material nouns, but whether a noun is a material noun or a mass noun, which belongs to the SbV family, is not in general an easy question. Oxygen is U, but there are a lot of oxides (V).

Colors:

The names of colors also belong to this family:

black, white, red, blue, yellow,

Diseases:

The name of a disease often belongs to this class:

diabetes, heart failure, hepatitis B, herpes,

influenza (= the flu), pneumonia,

leukemia, anemia, tuberculosis, //SbU

But

cancer, hemorrhage, //SbV

cold, heart attack, stroke, headache, stomachache, //SbC

ulcers, hemorrhoids, //SbC(P)

|had a sudden stroke

Academic subjects:

Names of school subjects and academic or professional fields:

chemistry, physics, literature, mathematics,

gymnastics, geography, logic, economics,

However, some of them have secondary meanings. Further, academic fields such as philosophy has the label SecSbC. Science has several branches, each called a science, so that it also has the label SecSbC.

Sports and games:

soccer, tennis, baseball, basketball, golf, football,

In to play tag, tag is SecSbU as the name of children's game, though tag is SbC as in a price tag.

Directions:

Names of directions are used with the or another central determiner:

north, south, east west, left, right,

Some of the nouns in the SbU family were originally DsU nouns meaning action and states of being, but have almost lost the original meanings. For example,

feeling, vision, taste,

Taste was originally the action of tasting, but this meaning is no more used, so that the primary meaning is now the sense we experience with our tongues.

On the other hand, work in its U form means both what a person does (SbU) and the action of working (SecDsU). And works mean particular kinds of work, such as literary works. Therefore, work is labeled SbU_SecDsU_SecSbC. Similarly, business belongs to the subfamily of SbU_SecU_SecC.

1.8. DsC family

Monosyllabic verbs:

The infinitive forms of a lot of basic verbs are used as nouns in this class. Action is regarded as a definite unit, and so C, often in a + S forms, where S indicates the singular form of a noun. Similarly P indicates the plural form of a noun.

For example

call, buy, hit, smile, laugh, walk, stroll, turn, blow,

look, rub, hold, rap, knock, tap, kiss, hug, lift, raise,

run, ride, rise, fall, bend, think, strike, rush, halt,

pause, pose, stretch, sob, sing, wink, brush, smoke, kill,

joke, wash, try, kick, push, pull, sigh, hint, plunge, rest, ramble, shrug, shove, row, stoop, (as a quarrel), visit, leap, limp, pant

Note that most of these nouns are monosyllables.

These words often follow common verbs of general meaning such as do, make, have, take, and give, as their objects. It is a good exercise to speak out such sentences as follows.

|Take a walk!

|Give me a ride!

|Have a smile!

|take a look

Others are used in both a + S forms and P forms.

audit, struggle, exploit, cut, cure, curse, curb, cross,

split, splash, ovation, permit, flick, jump, leap, drip,

takeover, prank, win, skirmish, brawl, barrage, lie, move,

twitch, toss, swoop, swipe, swirl, urge, stride,

show (S for the action of showing, S_P for a performance in show business),

|That's a lie.

|to tell lies.

Following are used in plural forms.

thanks,

Following are exceptions.

blame, care, ease, help, play, sleep, wear, wonder, worry, chatter //DsU

harm, pay, piss, work //SbU

talk, hope, chat, love, hate, drift //DsV

Nouns in the DsC family often have substantive secondary meanings and are used as C. Therefore, it is often hard to distinguish between descriptive and substantial meanings, but it is easy to use them in speaking and writing, since they have the same forms.

DsC_SecSbU family:

An important group in this family is the group of nouns that are uncountable only in idioms. For example

call, account, rise, tow, hold, return, scratch, fault,

cry, request, push, claim, strike

|give rise to

|on call

The DsC_SecSbU family also includes

touch, pull, promise, favor, dance, show, advance, apology,

guarantee.

Examples of DsC nouns without verb are

|in a coma, in a trance,

1.9. SbC family

The names of common things that you obviously can count belong to this family. For example,

cats, dogs, books,

But be careful. Some nouns that are C in other European languages can be U in English. For example furniture.

A number of nouns in this class are historically older than their corresponding verbs:

cover, dog,

Some of nouns in this family come from adjectives:

a high, a low, basics, fundamentals, a safe, an academic, a professional, an equal, an equivalent,

And even from a modal verb must.

a must

SbC

SecSbU

a particular religion

general religion

a national language

general language

a community

community (friendship, the original Latin meaning)

a personal opinion

general opinion like views of a group

individual forms

abstract form

a rock

rock (the material that composes rocks)

a stone

stone (the material that composes stones)

a method (a systematic way)

method (orderly arrangement general)

a mystery (a mysterious thing)

a mystery (a detective story //SecSbC)

mystery (a general mysterious quality)

an asylum (a place of protection)

asylum (safety, protection)

Some other nouns in the SbC_SecSbU subfamily are U only in idioms:

These nouns and their idiomatic expressions are usually very common and historically old. The idiomatic phrases have survived from the time when there were no articles, while these nouns changed to C nouns in ordinary meanings.

SbC(non-idiom)

SbU(idiom)

on the line

on line

take a place

take place

on the bed

in bed

conditions

on condition that/of

make a mistake

by mistake

Some nouns in the SbC family have SecSbV usage for technical terms. An example is current. The uses of these nouns as U are sometimes quite new, so that they are not indicated even in dictionaries. Examples can be found in manuals for computers and home appliances.

an operation mode

manual mode

a file format

HTML format

SbC_SecDsU family:

Another subfamily is the SbC_SecDsU family. Nouns such as school, class, and gym belong to this group. These nouns require no article, when they mean the activity or function associated with them. Other such nouns are:

home, jail, prison, court, bed, town, sea,

college, office, church, home, shelter, lunch,

vacation, dinner, supper, breakfast,

|go to bed

|go to school

|go to church

|go into court

|to hold/enter/leave/regain office

|be removed from office

|put in jail, go to jail, send to jail

|at home

But

|in the home

Note that go to school is correct but go to library is incorrect.

|go to hospital, in hospital //British

|go to the hospital, in the hospital //American

|go to library //incorrect

|go to the library //correct

|go to church //Correct

|go to the church //Correct

1.10 DsV family

Nouns in this family are U in general meaning, C in a narrower class of action or being or an instance of action or being, often used in a + S and especially when modified. For example, thirst and fright (U_S).

To the DsV family belong a lot of nouns that mean human feelings and qualities. For examples

Feelings:

love, anger, rage, resentment, fear, contempt, conviction, dislike, disgust, anxiety, regret, patience, impatience, sorrow, sadness, pain, desire, regret, happiness, frustration, satisfacton, dissatisfaction, joy, hope, sympathy, envy, jealousy, shame, pity, guilt, spite, lust, torture, distaste, revulsion, aversion, disdain, irritation, eagerness, fervor, zeal

Qualities: courage, cowardice, cruelty, fortitude, generocity, intuition, sadism, arrogance, kindness, tenderness, sensitiveness

Most of them such as love and joy are usually U, but occasionally C in the a + S form. This case is indicated by "U_S, usu.U". In When modified by other words, they tend to be more often used in the a + S form, because the modifiers usually narrow the class of action and being. Further these words have often the label SecSbC as described below.

On the other hand, the word fears frequently occurs. Some DsV nouns are used only as U and P. This case is indicated by U_P. For example,

(research, researches), (suffering, sufferings),

(travel, travels), (sympathy, sympathies),

(repair, repairs), (regret, regrets),

(expenditure, expenditures), (rapture, raptures).

Interpersonal activities:

Some activities between persons belong to the DsV family:

conversation, discussion, negotiation, controversy, debate,

consensus, confrontation, marriage, divorce, reconciliation, obligation, defeat, invasion, protest, murder, attack, critisism, judgment, reliance, aggression, burglary, refusal,

A pattern for DsV nouns is a + SbC of DsV. For example,

|a letter of recommendation,

|a letter of application

|a matter of reconciliation,

|a sense of obligation,

|a sense of loss

|a sense of honor

|a sense of responsibility

|a moment of silence

|a sigh of relief.

|a man of high reputation

|a source of pain

Compare the following two constructions.

|a cry of anguish

|in an anguish of hopelessness

However,

|a series of explosions

V nouns are usually U after without and with no. For example

|without much profit

|without result.

DsV_SecSbC family:

Similarly to the DsU_SecSbC subfamily, DsV nouns often belong to DsV_SecC. In addition to their descriptive primary meanings in C and U usages, nouns in this subfamily in C usage have secondary meanings that are often objects, subjects, particular examples, results, means etc. of action or states of being. For example, a love is an object of love in SecC, a joy is something that makes you happy, and a hope is something you hope for.

arrival, belief, membership, purchase, release, repetition, reservation, revision, reunion,

DsV_SecU family:

DsV_SecU nouns are not many but include such important words as

abuse, anxiety (U_P in DsV), birth, conviction, criticism,

doubt, education (U_S), judgment, liberty, preference,

recovery, suicide (SecU in fig.),

DsV_SecU_SecC family:

There are some imortant words in this group. Among them are

application, change, exchange, gain, interest, loss,

movement, reaction, relief, talk, use.

1.11 SbV family

Mass nouns:

Mass nouns belong to this family. For example,

acid, butter, beer, coffee, fluid, perfume, liquid,

rice, wine, cotton, wool,

A mass noun is used as a U noun when meaning its substance. It is also used as a C noun when its meaning is a particular brand or kind. For example

|a musky perfume.

A modifier particularizes a mass noun. But a mass noun with a modifier is usually used without a. The degree to which a mass noun is changed to a C noun is different from noun to noun. For example, perfume is used often with a. But rice is rarely used with a. For example, brown rice, enriched rice.

Further, it is often hard to distinguish mass nouns from both material nouns and countable nouns. Pizza is a mass noun but omelet is a C noun.

A mass noun is also used as a definite quantity of the substance. In this case, a is a substitute of a partitive modifier discussed later. For example, in

|May I have a coffee?

a coffee means a cup of coffee, and a cup of is a partitive modifier.

The following groups of nouns belong to the SbV family.

Days:

Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday,

Saturday, Christmas,

Part of a day:

morning, evening, night,

Seasons:

spring, summer, autumn, winter,

|Spring has come.

|a discouraging winter,

However, fall needs a central determiner, because its original meaning is the action or phenomenon of falling and the fall in this sense is a C noun.

|the fall

|a beautiful fall

Daily meals:

Also in this family are daily meals:

breakfast, lunch, dinner, supper, luncheon, brunch,

|coffee-shop breakfast //SbV

However, snack is countable.

Physical properties:

Nouns representing physical properties and scientific or technical terms are often V nouns:

area, color, density, frequency, height, length, altitude,

pressure, quality, quantity, size, speed, temperature, time,

velocity, voltage, volume, wavelength, width, resistance,

capacity, accuracy, degree, variance,

Note that measurements are given with a as

|a length of 4 cm, a width of 3 cm, a height of 5 cm

|a temperature of 20 degrees Centigrade

However,

|14 kg of water

|at temperature 20 degrees

|temperatures 10 to 25 degrees

Unlike voltage, the noun current had been used as a C noun before an electric current was discovered. Therefore, current has the labels SbC and SecSbV, while voltage has label SbV only.

Smell is SbU since it was originally used as the sense and faculty of smelling. As the natural quality of a thing that is smelled, it is C, e.g. a smell of gas, It has also the meaning of the action of smelling in its C form, as in Please have a smell of this. Therefore smell has the labels SbU, SecSbC, and SecDsC.

Property is SbV since it is originally used as things that one owns. As a technical use, it is C.

Some technical terms are not V

efficiency, //SbU

amount, dimension, rate, sum, total, //SbC

1.12 Labels for natural phenomena:

The labels of nouns that represent natural phenomena vary. Sound and noise are U as general phenomena but C as individual instances, so that they belong to the SbV family. However, light is always a U noun in the meaning of the physical phenomenon we can observe. A light is never used in this sense. A light is usually an electric lamp, a match, cigarette lighter, a traffic signal, and the like.

light, lightening, thunder, weather, //SbU

climate, earthquake, storm, thunderstorm, typhoon, //SbC

flow, noise, sound, wind, snow, rain, fog, vapor //SbV

Note that rain, snow, and drizzle are V(U_S), and sleet is U, but shower and flurry are C. Also, weather is usually U, but climate is C.

CHAPTER 2 DETERMINERS AND MODIFIERS

2.1 Central determiners

Articles are a group of central determiners that are put before nouns. Each noun is used either with a central determiner or without a central determiner. In the latter case, the noun should be in its plural form or uncountable. Further no two central determiners can be used before a noun at the same time. For example, a my friend is not allowed. But, a in a friend may be replaced with my. Therefore, if you did not know whether friend is countable or uncountable and wonder about whether to put a or not, the use of the possessive pronoun my saves your worry, although the meaning changes.

The central determiners consist of the following groups.

Articles: a, an, the

Demonstrative determiners: this, that, these, those,

Possessive determiners: my, your, his, her, our, its, their

Interrogative determiners: what which, whose,

Negative determiners: no, neither,

Relative determiners: whose, which,

Wh-ever determiners: whichever, whatever, whoever,

Other central determiners: some, any, enough, every, each,

2.2 Premodifiers and postmodifiers

A modifier of a noun modifies the meaning of the noun by restricting the meaning of the noun. For example, "sour grapes" are part of the whole set of grapes that may be sweet or sour. Similarly, "travel in China" is part of the whole set of action called travel.

In the first example, the adjective "sour" is called premodifier, since it precedes the noun "grape." In the second example, the prepositional phrase "in China" is called postmodifier, since it follows the noun "travel." Besides a prepositional phrase, a relative clause, a participial clause, or an infinitive phrase can be a postmodifier.

How to use and not to use articles and plural forms is often determined by how narrowly the meaning of a noun is restricted. Therefore, before we discuss the use of articles and plural forms in detail, we have to clarify various functions of modifiers.

2.3 Descriptive modifiers

Most common function of premodification by an adjective phrase is descriptive:

1 |a courageous man

1 is equivalent to postmodifications with relative clauses as

2 |a man who is courageous.

3 |a man who has courage.

Further they are equivalent to the postmodification by the of-construction

4 |a man of courage

where "courage," which is the quality of being courageous by definition describes a man.

We may include in this class such an example as

|a sweater of wool

A typical descriptive postmodification is a relative clause most often constructed using a relative clause as 1 and 2.

2.4. Possessive modifiers

Some possessive premodifiers are in the form of noun + -s.

|John's book

|Euler's equation

Of in the literature of England is called the possessive linkage, because it means the literature that belongs to England. Note that here, literature is U.

N1 of N2 N1 belongs to N2

2.5 Objective modifiers

When N1 in N1 of N2 is descriptive, then the function of may be objective as in

|possession of a lethal weapon

Here a lethal weapon is the object of to possess.

N1 of N2: N2 is the object of N1

where N1 is Ds, and N2 is Sb.

2.6 Subjective modifiers

Another function of in N1 of N2, wherein N1 is DS, is called the subjective linkage. For example, in the sentence

|The arrival of spring delighted us.

The arrival of spring means the fact that spring arrived.

N1 of N2: N2 is the subject of N1

However, subjective modification is not so frequent except the premodification constructed as noun + 's.

2.7 Adverbial modifiers

Adverbial modification is constructed with various prepositions and indicates location, time, means, etc.

|travel in Russia. //U

|the road ahead //C

|in the days ahead //C

A function of in an adverbial modifier of + noun phrase indicates a less tight relation than the objective and subjective modification and means concerning or about. We may call it referential linkage.

|talk of tax cuts

|the philosophy of science.

N1 of N2: N1 is about N2.

We may include in this class such examples as

|a prisoner of war

|a driver of the car

2.8 Appositive modifiers

Another function of is apposition.

|on the condition of anonymity //SbC

|on condition of anonymity //SecU(idiom)

|anonymity is the condition

N1 of N2: N1 is N2

2.9 Partitive modifiers

Partitive modifiers are either quantitative or qualitative. Among quantitative partitive modifiers are

CHAPTER 3 GENERIC, DEFINITE, AND INDEFINITE REFERENCE

3.1 Levels of definiteness

There are different levels of definiteness in meaning for each noun with modifiers. A noun with modifiers can represent a whole class of things or an indefinite thing arbitrarily taken from the class. we call the use of the noun in these two ways generic reference.

On the other hand, a noun with modifiers can represent a specific thing or things taken from a subset of the whole class. The specific thing or things may be completely definite, i.e., completely known to both the speaker or may be indefinite, i.e., partly known at various intermediate levels of definiteness.

Then how can we express these different levels of definiteness? Additional modifiers and determiners can express this distinction. However, the fundamental distinction is expressed by the articles the, a, and the plural suffix -s.

The degree of definiteness is, in the descending order, 0 < the < the + -s < a < -s < 0. This relation is not linear but cyclic. Thus proper nouns take no article, since they are already restricted to one specific definite thing, while abstract things are often represented by no article and no -s, i.e., U nouns without the.

|He is John Lennon.

|We must bring peace and justice.

3.2 Choices for U nouns

For U nouns with no central determiner other than articles, we have a choice of two alternatives, putting the and putting.

|Technological progress will continue. //[A]

|The progress of technology will continue. //[B]

|Some technological progress will continue. //[C]

Progress in [A] expresses generic reference, while [B] and [C] express non-generic reference. However, the meanings of [A] and [B] are subtle, because [B] express a subset of the generic reference expressed by progress. Since [C] clearly defines a definite subset, it refers to the progress of technology as a whole. On the other hand, [A] has some indefiniteness or partiality, since U nouns represent a set without definite boundaries. With the additional determiner some, [C] expresses an indefinite subset of the generic reference expressed by "technological progress."

As in the above [A], generic reference for a U noun is easiest to do. Simply write or say the noun without any determiner.

|Unemployment has recently decreased in Germany.

|Violence is rampant in this city.

Use the or a central determiner for particular or indefinite but not arbitrary reference.

|Thank you for the advice you gave me yesterday.

|His violence was caused by his father's cruelty and abuse.

|Some violence can be prevented by persuasion.

However, the classification of various meanings of a noun is not clear-cut. Therefore, if the noun is also a C noun or V noun in another meaning, things are more complicated. We will address this problem in the following for some special cases.

DsU_SecSbC nouns:

Consider the case of the DsU_SecSbC noun activity. Among the four possibilities

|the terrorist activity //[A]

|a terrorist activity //[B]

|terrorist activities //[C]

|terrorist activity //[D]

|the terrorist activities //[E]

[C] and [D] are referring to the action of terrorism in generic reference, and [D] is referring to the contents of the action in generic reference.

Similarly

|social reality

|a social reality

|social realities

|recession

|a recession

|recessions

In the case of

|private enterprise,

|a private enterprise,

the former indicates activity or a system in general and the latter indicates a company in general. The U_C noun business behaves similarly.

3.3 Choices for C nouns

A striking fact for a C noun is that it should be restricted by a determiner or plural form, no matter you want it to be general. Therefore, for C nouns with no central determiner other than articles, we have a choice of four alternatives, putting a, putting the, putting -s, and putting both the and -s. For example

|a cup, the cup, cups, the cups.

The meaning of each alternative is different from one another, but grammatically all those are correct.

When I start to talk about a specific cup that I know but you do not know, I say "a cup." After that, I and you talk about that cup by saying "the cup."

When I start to talk about more than one cups that I know but you do not know, I say "cups," "some cups, "three cups." After that you and I can talk about these cups by saying "the cups."

However when I start to talk about a specific cup that both you and I know, I say "the cup." For example, both you and I know what the World Cup is. Therefore, the article the is here required. Therefore, the is always required in the following.

|the coming World Cup

|the 1994 and 1998 World Cups.

Surprisingly, the simple facts described above cause enormous problems to the people whose first language has no article and no plural forms, and therefore, usually does not require to distinguish the different situations described above by specifying them in their speech and writing.

It seems that the difference between the speakers of the two languages is so deep-seated as at the level of neural circuits. The difference also provide a big problem in translation between the two languages.

One of the striking facts for people whose first language has no plural forms is that they cannot idiomatically use plural nouns. I think that they should use plural nouns more often, in particular when they do not mean a specific thing by a noun.

Generic reference for a C noun is most often made by its plural form without article or the a + S form

|cats

|a cat

However,

|the cat

is also possible for generic reference. This usage is now relatively rare compared with the above two usages. An example is the hare, the dragon, etc. in

|the year of the hare (dragon, snake, horse, etc.)

This causes some confusion, because the also signifies the uniqueness generally understood.

In conclusion, cats is the most common form of generic reference.

SbC_SecSbC_SecSbU noun:

The SbC_SecSbC_SecSbU noun law, the whole system of rules by which a people of a country is bound, is a C noun and requires the. Also an individual rule is C. But each branch of the law is a U noun. Also the academic subject of studying laws is a U noun. Also law is a natural law (SecSbC). Therefore

|You violated the law.

|the common law

|traffic laws

|criminal law, civil law, business law, antitrust law, under martial law,

|He studied law in Harvard.

|laws in natural science.

3.4 Choices for V nouns.

Generic reference for a V noun is easiest in theory. Simply write or say the noun without any determiner. However, the problem is far from being solved in practice.

For the DsV noun death and deaths are both possible for generic reference. However, there are subtle differences in meaning. The U form death means the state of being dead, while the C form deaths means the state of dying.

For DsV noun injury, injury and injuries are both possible for generic reference. An injury is simply an instance of injury. Therefore, injuries represent a set of various injuries.

Therefore, we can say

|Such negligence may result in death and serious injury.

|Such mechanical defects may result in deaths and serious injuries.

For the case of the V noun tax, a tax, taxes, and

tax can be interchangeably used for generic reference with slight differences in the degree of wholeness. Tax with 0 is the most inclusive.

|If you owe tax with your return, you can pay it by credit card.

|Be sure that you pay no more in taxes than you should.

Tax in C and U are also frequently interchangeable for specific taxes.

|The owner--not the business is subject to income taxes.

|All self-employed persons should pay a self-employment tax.

|the New York State personal income tax

|your share of Federal income tax

For the V noun service, its usage seems to be slightly different in the US and the UK.

|service

|a service

|services

are all correct for generic reference to helpful action, so that service is DsV. However, for the meaning of public service or public services, service with 0 is often used in the US, since they talk about the action of serving. In the UK they tend to talk about the means and facilities for the action, so that it usually requires an article. Therefore

|train service, bus service, mail service, //in US

|a/the bus service, a/the train service //in UK

|a/the postal service, a/the telephone service //in UK

But

|been in the civil service

|BBC World Service

|at the BBC World Service

Now, consider the word mind. This word has been meant as both the phenomenon of thinking and the place in which thinking is performed. Therefore, it is both descriptive and substantive. Further, the noun has been used as both uncountable and countable. I put it in the SbV family in Par 2 for convenience. Actually, a mind, the mind, mind, and minds have all been used. The generic use in the uncountable form is seen in

|Darwin banished mind from the universe.

However this usage is not often found except in idioms such as

|to keep in mind

|a change of mind.

In non-idioms, the mind seems to be most often used. However, the mind seems to mean the human mind. Then mind in this case is a C noun and signifies the uniqueness generally understood, rather than general reference (see Chapter 4).

Incidentally, mind is most often used with possessive adjective in idioms, such as

|make up your mind, make up their minds

|get something out of my mind

|change your mind

|What's on your mind?

As in idioms, variable nouns are often used as U after a preposition such as of and without. Compare the following examples of U_C pairs.

|a man of great reputation

|have a good reputation

|a cargo of oil

|a theft of cargo

|without much result

|as a result

3.5 Use of other determiners

Possessive pronouns:

Use a possessive pronoun instead of the contextual the if possible in order to clarify the meaning. Say

|Have you cut your hand?

instead of

|Have you cut the hand?

However, the use of the is sometimes more idiomatic in a prepositional phrase

1 She patted him on the shoulder.

2 She patted him on his shoulder.

For things and not persons, use its and their instead of the if you refer to another immediately preceding noun.

3 The Security Council decided to cut the costly operation in Somalia.

4 The Security Council decided to cut its costly operation in Somalia. //Better

Some:

Some represents an intermediate level of definiteness between generic reference and complete definiteness. It has mainly two meanings. One is an indefinite number of or an indefinite quantity of. Both P and U nouns follow some in this meaning.

|There are some apples on the table.

|The house has some furniture.

The second meaning of some is an indefinite, an uncertain, or an unknown. S follows some in this case.

|at some point or other

For the V noun coffee,

|Would you like coffee?

|Would you like some coffee?

|Would you like a cup of coffee?

|Would you like a coffee?

If you are offering coffee to someone, you should use one of the last three sentences, because they clearly express non-generic reference. Here, "a coffee" means "a cup of coffee."

Any:

The determiner any in an affirmative sentence means an arbitrarily taken member of a set defined by generic reference. Any is followed by P, S, or U in this case.

|Any student in my class knows that.

|Any suggestions are welcomed.

|We appreciate any advise.

Any indicates nothing in negative sentence or clause. Any is usually followed by P or U and sometimes by S in this case.

|They could not rescue any survivors of the accident.

|You should not give any support to a criminal.

|He could not see any window in the room.

Any in interrogative sentence and conditional clause means some in an affirmative sentence.

|Are there any questions?

|Do you have any idea?

|Have you got any soup?

What is the difference between the following two sentences, which are both correct.

|Do you like some more coffee?

|Do you like any more coffee?

There is a subtle difference, because the first question is answered more often by "yes." than the second question. The second question is more often answer by "No" than the first question.

Numbers and amounts:

Use one instead of a to clarify the meaning in particular to distinguish from a generic reference.

Single is not a substitute for one or a. In the following, in single file is an idiom where a is skipped:

|Red blood cells must pass through capillaries in single file.

|There are two types of circulation: a single circulation and a double circulation.

A numeral is used to represent the number. When Some is used with a numeral, it means "approximately."

|Fifty two students attended the class.

|Some fifty students attended the class.

Every and each are followed by S nouns.

Exceptions:

|every five days

|every 30 miles

All is followed by a P or U noun.

After a little: U

After much: U

After a few: P

After a certain: S or U

After a lot of, plenty of, lots of: P or U

After a great deal of, a good deal of, a large/small amount of: U

After a great/large/good/growing/considerable number of: P

Remark. Do not use many or much in an affirmative sentence in spoken English when unmodified e.g., by very. Use a lot of or a lot instead.

|Thank you much. //Incorrect

|Thank you very much. //Correct

|Thanks a lot. //Correct

|I like it much. //Incorrect

|I don't like it much. //Correct

|I don't have much money //Correct

|I have much money. //Incorrect

|I have a lot of money. //Correct

|Many students travel in summer. //Incorrect

|A lot of students travel in summer. //Correct

Use another for C nouns and other for U nouns.

|provide advice and other assistance.

CHAPTER 4 GENERAL USE OF THE

4.1 Direct reference

The is used when the speaker or writer talks about a thing or things that were mentioned immediately before.

|She has a son and a daughter. The daughter is smart.

4.2 Uniqueness understood by the listener or reader in context, or immediate situation

If someone in a jail is beating against the bars, the bars are the iron bars that confine the prisoner. When someone talks about a girl behind the bar in a restaurant, the bar is the counter in the restaurant.

|I got out of my house and saw broken glass littering the sidewalk.

|His shirt was dirty at the neck.

|A bond's yield moves in the opposite direction of its price.

|the following week

|the rest of the week

|Turn to the left/right.

|In Japan, the economy contracted by 2.2 % last year.

|at the dinner table

|you have the wrong number. (To someone who called you by mistake).

|you are in the wrong place.

4.3 Uniqueness generally understood

When we agree, by our general knowledge, that we limit the noun we are talking about to a specific one, we use the. These nouns are indicated by the + in Chapter 10.:

Nature:

air, sky, sun, moon, universe, world, earth, ground, globe, environment, sea, ocean, horizon, weather, temperature, wind, rain, snow, past, present, future, north, south, east, west, foreground, background, equator, atmosphere, beach, barometer, tropics,

|on/at the beach

But

|go to a beach

|a May moon

|the weather |the rain |the snow //U

|the universe (= the Universe) |the equator //C

|the sun |the moon |the world

|The sky is blue.

|in the street

Sometimes, some confusion happens. An old woman called a talk radio, the host asked "How much is the temperature?" The woman answered "Well, it's just 100 degrees, because I have a slight cold."

Institution:

The following nouns require the, when we refer to a generally established institution:

army, navy, authorities, housing authorities, press, police,

radio, news, telephone, phone, theater, movies, cinema,

screen, post office, subway, market, Marine Corps, Bible,

judiciary, military, media, status quo, middle, Olympics,

zodiac, piano, street, dollar, yen, public, throne,

traffic, government, court, Congress, White House,

parliament, zoo,

|We go to the movies/theater once every month.

But

|Is there a public telephone here?

Television or TV does not require the, if it means the system of communication, but requires the or another central determiner for a TV set.

|watch television

|turn on the television

But

|listen to the radio

Customary things:

In everyday life, the is used to refer to customary things.

|do/dry/put away the dishes

|do the laundry/wash

|do the homework

|Could you tell me the assignment?

In We have a big wash, wash means things to wash.

Unique official person:

|the President |the Prime Minister

4.4 Uniqueness understood by premodifiers

General rules:

When a C noun or U noun is premodified, the original article is usually kept unchanged.

|a girl 6 a little girl

|literature 6 English literature

|evidence 6 clear evidence

However, the or a possessive pronoun is sometimes required automatically from the nature of the premodifier that limits the noun to a unique one:

|at the same time

|the same period

|the only candidate

|the current year

|at the present time

|the next thing

|the last thing

|the following chapter

|the remaining part

|the entire region

|the ultimate computer

Note that same never takes a or an, and almost always takes the or one of the other central determiners except a and an. When next and last mean the next or last time from the present, they do not need the.

|I am going to New York next week.

However,

|over the last five years

The adjective whole has some different meanings. If it means entire, then the or one of the other central determiners except a and an is required.

|the whole week

|a whole set of dishes

|a whole number

Modification by a superlative adjective, an ordinal number or the like has similar effects, but the modification does not necessarily single out a thing or a group of things. Therefore, the

is not obligatory, and following are all possible.

|the greatest man

|the greatest men

|a greatest man

|greatest men

|the first lesson

|a first lesson

Other such premodifiers that are often used with the are

corresponding, main, maximum, minimum, resulting,

|the minimum wage

|The policy consists of two parts. The first part is . . .

|The resulting casualties led the Government to give up the military intervention.

U nouns:

U nouns usually require no determiners, when they are premodified, as

|Japanese furniture

|computer software.

|rock music

V nouns:

For the V noun literature,

|English literature. //Correct

|a humanistic literature //Correct

|humanistic literature //Correct

|the English literature //Incorrect

Similarly, for culture

|American culture //Correct

|the American culture //Incorrect

On the other hand, the DsU_SecSbV noun, civilization, we can say

|the Inca civilization //SecSbV

|an old civilization //SecSbV

|European civilization //SecSbV

SbC_SecU nouns:

When the SbC_SecSbU noun language is premodified, of the two alternatives

|English language //Incorrect

|the English Language //SbC

only the latter is allowed. This fact shows that we cannot use language as a U noun in this case, because a meaning of language is a national language and used as a C noun. The uniqueness logically understood by post modification is applied to the C noun language. Similarly, for another SbC_SecSbU noun religion, the is necessary in the following first two.

|the Buddhist religion //SbC

|the Islamic religion //SbC

|Religion is the opium of the people. //(SecSbU)

However, the following three are all allowed.

|a human language //(SbC)

|human languages //(SbC)

|human language //(SecSbU)

Note: We usually simply say English meaning the English language. The names of national languages such as English and French are uncountable, and the English, which means English people is a plural noun.

|the personal computer industry

As for history, it is SbC for a record as in

|histories of English.

It is SecU for an academic subject as in the following sentence.

|American history is taught in every American high school.

Possessive modification with 's:

Some possessive premodifiers are in the form of noun + 's:

|John's book

|Euler's equation.

An article before the construction, a noun + 's + noun, is the article of the first noun (possessor) not the article of the second noun (the possessed); (a, the) + noun's (e.g. Jim's in Jim's book, a horse's in a horse's saddle) and possessive pronouns (e.g. my, your, . . ) are determiners which cannot be used with an article. Therefore, the following example is unacceptable.

|the Euler's equation //Incorrect

|Euler's equation //Correct

However, in the following examples, the or a are required by the general rules, and they are for the noun equation specified by the possessive premodifier Euler.

|the Euler equation

|an Euler equation

These phrases respectively mean the equation and an equation that are related to Euler. If there is only one equation referred to Euler, the is mandate. For example,

|the Dow Jones industrial average (= the Dow).

|the Japanese economy's recent expansion,

the is the determiner of economy and not of expansion. Usually, any modifiers or determiners preceding a noun with 's restrict that noun and do not restrict the noun after 's. Compare further

|ten days' visit

|a ten-day visit

However, it seems this rule is not always observed:

|He served in a President Reagan's cabinet.

4.5 Uniqueness understood by postmodifiers

Post modification, in particular by of + noun phrase or by a relative clause, restricts the meaning of the modified noun. But since the article a or an and the use of plural form also restrict the noun but do not uniquely, whether the is used or not poses difficult problems. However, with a problem with a C noun about the choice between a + S, -s, the + S, the + P, and the use of another central determiner, we face only a semantic problem and rarely a grammatical problem, because each one of these choices is almost always grammatically correct. On the other hand, the choice between the + and 0 + for a U noun poses a serious grammatical problem. Therefore, we will focus on the last problem in the next chapter.

We usually need the in the following postmodified noun phrases.

|the days ahead, the years ahead

|the years to come

4.6 The + P for all the things

In the following sentence, the is required before members, because all the members of the labor union are meant here. However, there is no the before office buildings, because some of the office buildings in New York City are meant here. As in this example, the is used with -s when all the things are meant.

|The members of the union work at office buildings in New York City.

Another example is

|The chromosomes, on which genes are located consist of DNA and protein.

Therefore, after

one of, some of, most of, each of, many of,

plural nouns take the or another determiner such as a possessive pronoun or a genitive noun phrase.

|some members //Correct

|some of the members //Correct

|some of members //Incorrect

|some of its members //Correct

|some of the club's members, //Correct

|one of more common applications //Incorrect

|one of the more common applications //Correct

Similarly, the others are used in contrast to others.

|The others work at residential buildings.

4.7 The with other determiners

Both may precede the:

|I met both the girls this morning.

|Both the mother and the baby were healthy.

But the may be skipped:

|I met both girls this morning.

|Both mother and baby were healthy.

Note that in the above last sentence, singular C nouns mother and baby appear with no article. Further, within an of-construction, both the + P and the both + P are respectively non-idiomatic and dialectic.

|a series of arguments on both sides of the issue // Idiomatic

|a series of arguments on both the sides of the issue //Non-idiomatic

|a series of arguments on the both sides of the issue //Dialectic

Multipliers: with the or central determiner.

|three times the intensity

|one-fifth my income

|twice every three months

|twice each year

CHAPTER 5 POSTMODIFIED NOUNS

U nouns may need the when they are post-modified, in particular modified by a phrase constructed as of + noun.

|the literature of England

Every U noun has one of two alternatives, the + and 0 +, unless it is modified by another central determiner.

The of-construction in U Noun + of + Noun Phrase, brings complicated problems.

5.1 Nouns with possessive postmodifiers

The or a central determiner is required before both a U noun and C noun postmodified by the possessive of-construction.

For example, if you mean the whole content of the modified noun, use the. On the other hand, if you mean an indefinite part of the modified noun, use some before the noun.

|the literature of England

|some literature of England

5.2 Nouns with objective postmodifiers

In the objective and relational linkage for DsU nouns, the is not required. For example, in place of

|the possession of narcotic drugs //Correct

recent journalistic speech and writing and conversations in TV dramas usually omit the in this case, although similar examples using possession in some contemporary dictionaries, still retain the.

|possession of narcotic drugs //Correct

Some of further examples for DsU nouns are as follows:

|to propose creation of a crisis committee

|distribution of newspapers

|establishment of a committee

|control of the main operating system

|the management of a global economic system

|resolution of a series of problems

|selection of the principal directions in a material

|use of seat belts

|coverage of the latest events

In the above examples, control is usually without the, while management is usually with the. Therefore, the choice between the and 0 also depends on DsU noun.

The problem whether you put the or not in of-constructions is grammatically much easier with DsC nouns, because you must put the or a or -s or another determiner before a C noun and all of them are restrictive and acceptable.

|a search for/of narcotics drugs, //Correct

|the search for/of narcotics drugs //Correct

|searches for/of narcotic drugs //Correct

|the searches for/of narcotic drugs //Correct

|search for/of narcotic drugs //Incorrect

With the DsV noun sale or use, we can construct

|sale of narcotic drugs //Action of being, Correct

|the sale of narcotic drugs, //Action of being, Correct

|a sale of narcotic drugs //An instance of action or being, Correct

|sales of narcotic drugs //Some quantity of the narcotic drugs that are sold, Correct

|the sales of narcotic drugs //The quantity of narcotics drugs that are sold, Correct

|ownership of the company

|Pulling of the hand brake may be necessary in emergencies.

|evaluation of temperature requirements

|I will request payment of the accumulated amount.

|discontinue coverage of policy holders living in high-risk areas

|love for his children

Some of further examples for DsV nouns are as follows:

|from fear of the police

|the fear of police

|consumption of alcohol leads to release of inhibitions

|the murder of a policeman

|murder of a policeman

|a murder of a policeman

|analysis of papers written by Dr. King

|That girl is proof of that matter.

|Certain kinds of mistake of fact are properly viewed as proof that the defendant did not have the mental state required for the crime charged.

5.5 Nouns with subjective modifiers

The following are examples of 0 article for subjective postmodification.

|disappearance of the syndrome

|The democrats held up passage of the bill for several weeks.

The following are examples of the use of the for U nouns with subjective post modification.

|the passing of time, the passing of summer //DsU

For V nouns,

|the arrival of spring //DsV

|recent arrivals of immigrants from Russia/ //DsV

|the death of someone you love //DsV

The following examples [A] shows general lacking, [B] means an instance of lacking, and [C] indicates a unique lacking specified in context.

|lack of evidence //[A]

|a lack of evidence //[B]

|the lack of evidence //[C]

5.6 Nouns with descriptive postmodifiers

Compared with the objective postmodification, the use of the seems to be more frequent with descriptive postmodification. However, even modified by a relative clause, the 0 article occurs as

|content that is meaningful to the student //DsU

|thermal energy which results in an increase in temperature of the billet //SbU

|Children meet situations that involve simple statistics. //SbC

|to destroy evidence which might be used against the defendant

5.7 Nouns with adverbial postmodifiers

When U nouns are post modified by prepositional phrases beginning with a preposition other than of, the should not be used unless you specify the noun in the context.

|Funding for this program was provided by the Annenberg/CBS Project.

|Travel in China is wonderful.

|access to the library

|solidarity with Mexican workers

|debate and discussion on what reforms should be taken and how they are to be enacted

|to deny them entry into Japan, //SecSbU

|an entry into Japan with a tourist visa, //DSC

In the last pair, entry without a means the right to enter, and an entry is action of entering.

Following is an example of an of-construction.

|talk of tax cuts

Following is an example using a that-clause.

|This offered evidence that . .

|to present evidence of many years of careful driving.

|support for Israel

5.8 Nouns with appositive modifiers

With appositive modifiers, U nouns do not require the. Following are examples of U nouns with no article followed by an appositive that-clause.

|There is unanimous agreement that effective antihypertensive therapy can prolong life.

|The Congress served notice tonight that it expected the new leader not to stray from its policies.

|At one time, there was widespread speculation that a private museum might be set up for the collection on the estate.

|to head off criticism that ...

The following examples are for a V noun.

|There is growing concern that ...

|It expressed concerns that ...

5.9 Participles versus -ing nouns

Consider the following two sentences

1 |Understanding mathematics is difficult. //Correct

2 |The understanding mathematics is difficult. //Incorrect

A participle cannot take an article but can take a possessive pronoun.

3 |After my understanding his explanation, I realized I was wrong. //Correct,

If we change understanding from the nominal present participle into a verbal U noun called gerund and use an objective of-modifier, we have the following examples.

4 |The understanding of mathematics is difficult. //Correct

5 |According to my understanding of his explanation, //Correct

In 1 and 3, understanding is a form of the verb understand. In 4 and 5, understanding is a gerund. However, the A-ing of B and A-ing B are not always interchangeable. The reason is that a participle cannot be modified by an adjective, while a gerund cannot be modified by an adverb. For example,

|You are invited to the grand opening of our new store at noon on Monday. //Correct

|You are invited to grand opening our new store at noon on Monday. //Incorrect

The and possessive pronoun before a gerund postmodified by an objective of-modifier are standard as in 4 and 5. But how about the following example?

6 |Understanding of mathematics is difficult. //?

As discussed in section 5.2, the use of no article is normal, if the noun is not of an -ing form as

|possession of an illegal weapon

|immigration of individuals

It seems that the 0 article before an -ing noun modified by an objective of-modifier is normal, only if the noun is an established full-fledged U noun. Otherwise, this construction seems obsolete.

|casting of metal from the liquid state //Correct

|resisting of the occupying forces //Obsolete

are all correct. The primary meaning of understanding as an established full-fledged noun is the ability to understand (SbV). Therefore, we can say

|promote public understanding of mathematics

|promote a public understanding of mathematics

|improve conceptual understanding of mathematics

However, 6 sounds old-fashioned or too formal. Understanding is often used as S in a positive sentence and U in a negative sentence:

|I have only a limited understanding of mathematics.

|I do not have much understanding of mathematics.

|My understanding of mathematics is poor.

In the case of

|the teaching of Dr. King,

teaching is not a gerund but a noun. The is is here is necessary, because the function of the of-modifier is here possessive or subjective modification. In the objective modification,

|the teaching of English in schools,

|teaching of English as a second language,

Whether teaching in the first phrase is a gerund or a U noun is

is not clear. In the second phrase, teaching is clearly a U noun.

CHAPTER 6 SPECIAL USE OF 0, THE, A, -S

6.1 0, the, a, -s with proper nouns

Stars and planets: no the

|Venus, Mars, Jupiter

Oceans, seas, gulfs, bays: the.

|the Persian gulf

Harbor: no the

|Pearl Harbor, New York Harbor

Continents and islands: no the.

|Africa, Asia, Antarctica

|Greenland, Honshu,

Lakes: no the.

|Lake Michigan

Mountains: no the.

|Mount Everest

Mountain ranges: the.

|the Rocky Mountains

Peninsulas: the.

Deserts: the

|the Sahara

Rivers, canals: the.

|the Mississippi

Regions: the.

|the Midwest, the South, the North, the

Antarctic, the tropics

|the Far East, the Middle East

|the South Pole,

Countries:

|Japan

|South Korea

|the United States

|the United Kingdom

|the Philippines

|the Congo, the Sudan

|the Soviet Union

States and cities

|New York State, the State of New York

|New York City, the City of New York

Streets, avenues:

1. Without of:

|on 32nd Street, on Fifth avenue,

|on the New Jersey Turnpike,

2. With of: the.

|on the Avenue of America.

Tunnels: the.

|The Lincoln Tunnel

Bridges: the.

|the George Washington Bridge

Parks and Squares: no the.

|Central Park

|Washington Square, Union Square, Times Square

Gardens, zoos: the.

|the New York Botanical Garden, the Bronx Zoo

Buildings: the.

|the Empire State Building, the White House

Stadiums: no the

|at Yankee Stadium

Hotels: the

|the Brooklyn Marriott Hotel

Airport: no the

|Newark airport

Ships: the

|the Queen Elizabeth 2

Governments:

|Congress

|the 107th Congress

|the Senate

|the House of Representatives

|the House

|the Supreme Court

|the Pentagon, the State Department

|Uncle Sam

|He was elected governor of Virginia.

|the White House

Businesses:

1 with 's: no the.

|Macy's.

2 with Company (Co) or Corporation (Corp): with the.

|the Computer Land Corp

3. without Company: no the.

|Bankers trust, Toyota,

Colleges and universities:

1. with of: the

|the University of Texas

2. without of: no the.

|New York University, Rutgers University

Center: usually the.

|The Electronic Privacy Information Center

|The National Center for Biotechnology Information

|Rockefeller Center

Other organizations:

|the Red Cross

|the Natural Resources Defense Council

|the United Nations

|Green Peace

|the Salvation Army

Communication and Computer systems:

|the Internet

|a LAN

Newspapers: the.

|The Washington Post

|The New York Times

Magazines: usually no the.

|Newsweek,

|Time

Computer software: no the

|Windows 95, UNIX, C++, OS/2, WordPerfect, Fortran,

COBOL, BASIC

Days and Months:

1. Days of the week and months of the year: no the.

|on Wednesday, in December

2. Holidays: no the.

|Christmas, Easter, Memorial Day

3. Exceptions:

|the Sabbath

Periods of history

|the middle ages

Wars: the or 0.

|the Korean War, the Vietnam War,

|World War I (pronounced "one"), the First World War

Direction: the.

|to the north, //(noun)

|They went north. //(adverb)

Nationality:

|to the Germans

|many Americans

The, a, or 0 for abbreviations.

|the USA, the UN, the IRS, the FBI, the CIA, the BBC,

the IMF, GM //Initialisms

|NATO, NASA, a LAN, an HMO (P is HMOs or HMO's) //Acronyms

The abbreviations of abbreviations are classified into two groups, initialisms, and acronyms. In initialisms, we pronounce their letters of alphabet, and in acronyms, we pronounce them as if they were common nouns. In general, for initialisms, the or not the before the abbreviations is the same as for their original forms. In acronyms of proper nouns, the is usually skipped even if the original forms have the, and for common nouns, a, the, 0, and plural forms are kept.

The + proper noun + -s:

|the Johnsons (Family)

|the Tigers, the Yankees

They take plural verbs. But the United States and the United Nations take single verbs,

A + proper noun

|a Toyota, a Rolls-Royce

|drives a blue Toyota

6.2 A, 0, -s, and the in idioms

Compare the following sentences:

1. |No, that's on the line. (when playing tennis).

2 |Are you in line? (in a supermarket of US).

= Are you on line? (in a supermarket of some part of US).

= Are you in the queue? (in a supermarket of UK).

People whose first language has no article should especially be careful to speak such sentences correctly. the in sentence 1 is necessary, because the speaker is referring to a specific line such as the base line in his opponent's court. Any way, line in its ordinary sense is a C noun, so that it requires a determiner. Sentence 2 contradicts this rule. Nevertheless, it is commonly used because it is an idiom. Many idioms widely used at present existed before indefinite articles a and an were introduced in English and the distinction between C and U nouns were created. Therefore, some of secondary U meanings of nouns are actually historically older than their primary meanings.

In the following example, we see idiomatic use of scale, which is a C noun, and ordinary use of scale in the consecutive sentences.

|It is common practice for architects to draw a floor plan to scale. For example, a 14' X 20' living room is drawn to a scale of 18, inch to 1 foot.

By definition an idiom is a phrase such that its meaning is different from the one constructed from the individual meanings of its component words. Not only the meaning of an idiom is shifted from its literal meaning, general grammatical rules are often violated. In the following I listed those basic idioms of which you should be careful concerning the use of articles, plural forms, and other determiners, that is, those involving a noun. However, one warning is that you may be misguided by your study of idioms for proper use of articles and plural forms in speaking correct English. You speak an idiomatic English if you are good both at idioms and at non-idioms.

You will observe in the classification Chapter8, Par 2 that the number of nouns belonging to DsU_SecC and SbU_SecC are considerably greater than the number of nouns belonging to DsC_SecU and SbC_SecU. The main reason is that there was a time when there was no article in the history of the English language. This is also the reason C nouns are used with no article and no -s in a lot of idioms. Idioms have survived even if the primary usage without articles has evolved into usage with articles or -s in non-idioms.

For classification of idioms with respect to A, 0, -s, and the, see Chapters 10 and 11 in Part 2.

6.3 0 + SINGULAR C NOUN.

Second U that denotes activity: (See 1.9)

|a stranger in town

|She is not at home.

When a position of an organization is limited to one, and after a preposition or an apposition:

|in its role as monitor of the financial markets,

|E. Gerard Corrigan, president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York,

|as chief executive of the company,

|Adam Junka, director of a carpet-making factory.

|Candidates for mayor spoke about the city's crime problem

|a campaign for mayor

|work as secretary to one of our executives

The reason why there is no article before director in spite of the fact that director is a C noun is that there is only one director in this factory. Compare that phrase with

|Paul Wellstone, a Minnesota Democrat

|Tsutomu Hata, the former prime minister

|Todor Zhivkov, the deposed Communist strong man.

After and or or, the articles a and the can be used distributively:

|if the defendant were charged as a principal in the first degree or principal in the second degree

This clause is equivalent to

|if the defendant were charged as a principal in the first degree or a principal in the second degree

After a/the kind of, kinds of, a/the kind of, a/the sort of, sorts of, a/the type of, types of, a/the form of, forms of, a breed of, or a/the stretch of: a tract of

Articles are usually not used (0 or -s).

|This type of circuit is very versatile.

|one type of ownership interest in a business--an outside interest is ....

|describes the four major forms of business organization--sole proprietorship, partnership, corporation, and S corporation--and explains ..

|the different types of business deductions

|many kinds of businesses

|Dachshunds are a breed of small dog with a long body, short legs, and drooping ears.

|a stretch of coast

|the stretch of road between it and the bridge

|along the historic 300 miles of adventurous coast

|a tract of forest

|a tract of common

After designation of:

|All states grant the designation of Certified Public Accountant (CPA) to those who meet various prescribed requirements.

After part of (standard), a determiner + S or a U noun comes. After plenty of, a U noun or P noun is used:

In spoken English, kind of (infml) or sort of (infml), can be inserted before descriptive words in a complete sentence. Note that this phrase is informal and should not be used in term papers and other formal writings.

|She is kind of cute. //Infml

|a variety of news media.

After so called, they call, and the like:

|My apartment she calls matchbox is not so small in Japanese standards.

|There are three possibilities. (1) .. (2).. (3).. Possibility (1) is most likely.

|extension 3162

|page 25

|flight 603

|room 34

|exhibit A

|a circle of diameter 14 inches

|Queen Elizabeth

|President Bush

The vocative case:

|You idiot!

|Happy anniversary!

With by meaning by means of:

|by ballot

|by car

|by plane (Cf. on a plane)

|by radio

|by train

|by telephone/phone

|classified by subject

|on foot

After according to:

|were arranged in sequence according to author

With per:

|60 miles per hour

Per can be replaced by a or an.

|60 miles an hour

|80 cents a share

If next and last are from the present time:

|last year

|next year

|last week

However

|during the last five years

|over the next four weeks

|A tropical heat wave occurred over much of the state the past few days.

Phrases with parallel structures:

|from channel to channel

|from individual to individual

|from head to toe/foot

|from right to left

|from west to east

|from time to time

|from side to side

But we have also

|from one channel to another

|from one individual to another

|from the beginning to the end

|from the right to the left

|from the west to the east

Other phrases with no articles and parallel structures are:

|from father to son

|from generation to generation

|generation after generation

|day after day, year after year

|for mile after mile

|speaker after speaker

|face to face

|shoulder to shoulder

|man to man

|cheek to cheek

|coast to coast

|day by day

|paragraph by paragraph

|hand in hand

|arm in arm

|neck and neck

|side by side

|leaf by leaf

|step by step

|side by side

|eye to eye

|eyeball to eyeball

|toe to toe

|bumper to bumper

|through passage after passage

|word for word

Headlines and titles:

The article a and the and other central determiners are often omitted in the headline of an article in newspapers, the title of a book, and the title of article in magazines. In particular, if the first word is an article in an ordinary sentence, this article is almost always removed.

|Iran Tightens grip on State Oil Company

|Semiconductor memory device having a test circuit

In the above first example, a for grip and its for State Oil company are both omitted. In the second example, a for Semiconductor memory device is omitted but a is kept for test device. As in this case, an article in the first noun is more often omitted than articles in the other nouns in a title.

Miscellaneous cases of C with no central determiner:

|Do not lean on door (A notice in a subway car)

|Remember the exact feeling in your fingers when bat properly meets ball.

|by year's end

|The notes were quoted at 6.25 percent, up 0.03 percentage point from late Tuesday.

|athlete's foot //independent U

6.4 A + U noun.

Nouns that are usually labeled U in dictionaries sometimes take the form a + U. Most of them are labeled V in this manual. Still, in rare cases, some of the nouns classified as U in this manual are used with a. For example,

|We will work for a prosperity that is broadly shared. //Bush's state of the union message, 2003

As in the above example, a + U is often premodified or post modified.

sensitivity, praise (the + P in to sing the praises of) transit, strangulation, applause, fun, equipment, reluctance, alertness, coldness, foresight, strife,

A certain + U:

|A certain discretion must be taken in such a case.

|He spoke French with a certain haphazard fluency.

A + modifier + U:

|I had a precise nastiness about him.

|There is a dark inscrutable workmanship that makes discordant elements cling together.

6.5 A, another, every + Plural nouns.

|This printer weighs in at a hefty 63.9 pounds.

|Volume on Monday was a thin 220 million shares.

|Payrolls fell a thumping 2,337,000.

|An estimated 60 million Americans have high serum cholesterol.

|Consumer prices advanced a moderate three-tenths of a percent.

|Orders for durable goods fell to a seasonally adjusted $117.7 billion in December.

|Why spend an additional 50 cents?

|in the course of a brief ten minutes

|a promised $10 billion in loans

|in another five years or so

|An expansion of present levels of immigration by another twenty-five percent or so would not create serious problems.

In these examples, a hefty, a thin, a thumping, an estimated, a moderate, a seasonally adjusted, a brief, and a promised function similarly as a few in

|a few students

Another exception is many a + S.

|Many a student tries to study hard.

every + numeral + P noun indicates a successive things.

|One Australian dies every ten minutes from cardiovascular disease.

|every five years,

|We paused every three miles.

6.6 The denoting each or every with a c noun

|They sell the apples by the pound.

|three times in the week

|at this time of the year

In at this time of the year, meaning at this time of each year, the is necessary since year is a C noun. However, at this time of year is also often heard. The reason seems that there is no ambiguity without the.

A decade

|the 90's, the 90s

6.7 The with comparative and superlative adjectives

With comparative:

|He is the taller of the two.

|The harder you work, the more you will succeed.

With superlative:

|He is the tallest of her three children.

|one of the greatest jazz pianists

CHAPTER 7 MISCELLANEOUS USAGES AND FORMS

7.1 Distributive use of nouns.

|Objects travel in straight lines. //[A]

|Objects travel in a straight line. //[B]

|An object travels in a straight line. //[C]

|An object travels in straight lines. //[D]

Use of plural forms for generic reference is most common as discussed in 3.1. In the above examples, [A] uses plural objects and lines for generic reference. [B] uses plural objects and a singular line for generic reference. [C] uses a singular object and line for generic reference. Both [A] and [B] are most probably equivalent to [C]. In this case, the use of plural nouns lines in [A] and the use of the singular noun line are called distributive. Both the distributive use of a plural noun and the distributive use of a singular noun are allowed in English, but the use of a plural noun as in [A] is more common. However, [A] may be equivalent to [D]. And [B] may mean that more than one objects travel in a single straight line at the same time. Therefore, [C] is sometimes preferable, especially in technical writing.

In the case

|Their hearts were moved by her kind offer.

there is no such ambiguity, since each person has only one heart, and several persons cannot share one heart.

7.2 Independent plural (IP) nouns

There are several nouns in plural forms that achieved their independence from their original singular forms, and became full-fledged nouns.

accommodations, amends, antics, archives, arms, arrears, ashes, auspices, the basics, belongings, binoculars, blues, boots, bounds, bowels, brains, bygones, cattle (no S), chopsticks, clergy (no S), clothes, clubs, hearts, diamonds, spades (U_P in card games), communications, condolences, congratulations, contents, credentials, customs, drapes, drawers, dregs, dues, earnings, eaves, entrails, feces, folk, folks, forces, glasses, graphics, the grassroots, grounds, guidelines, guts, handlebars, hose, the humanities, intestines, liabilities, movies, oats, odds, the Olympics, overalls pants, panties, pantyhose, people, pliers, police, politics, the polls, proceeds, the ravages [of], regards, riches, kin, sales, sanctions, savings, scales, scissors, securities, shears, shoes, shorts, slacks, sneakers, socks, spectacles, spoils, stands, stockings, suds, sunglasses, surroundings, synthetics, thanks, throes, the tropics, trousers, utilities, values, valuables, wares, waterworks, winnings, writings,

7.3 Collective (COL) nouns

The words group and team are collective nouns. Similarly, alphabet, font, and staff are also collective nouns.

alphabet, audience, board, code, crew, faculty, font, mob, people, staff, troop,

|a six-member crew

a staff member and a faculty member should be respectively distinguished from a staff and a faculty. Note that an individual person is rarely referred to a staff.

However, the word staff is also a plural noun meaning staff members. We can say

|The company has a staff of 40. //COL

|All the staff in that company are highly qualified. //P

|Many companies are trimming their staffs as profits falter. //COL P

The same story applies to the word people, which is both a plural noun and a collective noun. Therefore, a people is the set of all the people in a country.

The usage of troop is slightly different. The singular form a troop is a collective noun meaning a group of soldiers organized in a military unit. But, the plural form troops is an ordinary plural noun meaning soldiers organized in a military unit.

More confusing is the word code. Code is primarily a collective noun in both scientific and legal terms, and used as both a U noun and C noun. Each member of a code is a code word. However, a word, that is, a sequence of characters or bits may be a code. An example is a status code. Therefore, we can say

|A code is a set of five-letter codes used to represent all the cities of Japan.

Here, "a code" is a set, and "five-letter codes" are members of the set. Further, a computer program is called code, and this code is a U noun.

7.4. Number agreement with verb forms

Unified sets of nouns:

They take verbs for singular subjects.

|Ham and eggs is delicious.

Collective nouns:

the public, the military, majority, minority, staff, group, team, the multitude,

When a singular collective noun is a subject of a sentence, a verb for singular subjects is used in American English. In British English, a verb for either singular or plural subjects may be used with a singular collective noun.

Quantifiers:

In the following sentence, the main noun of the subject "A number of passengers" is not "number" but "passengers." "A number of" is a quantifier that modifies "passengers." Therefore,

the auxiliary verb "were" is used.

|A number of passengers were injured by the accident.

Compare also the following sentences.

The majority of tax payers do not evade taxes.

The majority does not evade taxes.

Some quantifiers such as

a number of, a great number of, a growing number of,

a plurality of, a multitude of,

are followed by plural nouns, they take verbs for plural subjects. They are called quantifiers.

|A motor according to claim 3, wherein a plurality of windings are provided.

|A broad range of behaviors have been classified as "abnormal."

|The majority of people in the world are against the war.

On the other hand,

plenty of,

may be followed by a plural noun or a U noun, or a collective single noun.

Further,

the majority of, the minority of, 75 percent of

may be followed by a plural noun, a U noun, or a collective single noun.

|75 percent of gross national product outside the industrial sector has been doing well.

|75 percent of the company's profits come from overseas sales.

|75 percent of the class get into college.

Numerals:

|Some five hundred people in the city are homeless.

However,

|Slightly more than $1.4 billion of debt securities was sold by corporations yesterday.

Plural nouns:

the police, the personnel, people, staff,

the rich, the poor

They are used with verbs for plural subjects. Note that people is also a collective noun meaning all the members of a nation and takes verbs for plural subjects.

Others:

All can take verbs for either plural or singular subjects.

|All were sent to jail.

|All is right with the world. It absolutely is.

A variety of + P noun takes verbs for singular subjects.

Any as a pronoun is treated as plural.

|Any of us go to school.

|Any one of us goes to school.

7.5 Adjectives and participle used as a noun

Some adjectives are used in the + adjective form

|the abstract

|in the dark

Note that the poor, the rich, the handicapped, the deaf, the weak, the strong, etc. are plural nouns and used with verbs for plural subjects.

But the deceased is a singular noun.

Some adjectives are used as C nouns.

|a high, highs

|a low, lows

|all of a sudden

|as a whole

|notables

Still some adjectives are used with the 0 article.

|to delight young and old alike

|in vain

|You can't do that for free.

|for sure

|for good

The following are examples of verbs used as a noun.

|in the know

7.6 Nouns used as premodifiers

When a noun or noun phrase is used as a modifier, it loses its own article.

|University of Texas students

|Federal Reserve policy makers

When a noun is used as a modifier for another noun, the former loses its article, and an article, if needed, is only for the modified noun.

|consumer confidence

|credit-card debt

|public policy questions

|company earnings

|police officers, police officials (the police as a noun).

When a plural noun is used as a modifier of another noun, it usually loses its own -s.

|The boy is 13 years old.

|a 13-year-old boy

Other examples are

|five thousand people

|a five-day visit

|a ten-page report

|a two-digit number

|had a thirteen minute delay

|a three shot lead

|operating system software

However,

|the company's annual software developers conference.

If a plural noun is regarded as an independent noun, it usually retains -s.

|an admissions policy, the admissions office

|the arms race, arms control

|a grassroots movement

|customs duty

|a claims adjuster

|a public relations gesture, public relations considerations

|a public events program

|weapons possession, be charged with weapons possession, nuclear weapons materials

|operations research

|sales promotion, a sales slip, sales records,

|[a] sales tax, a sales engineer, a salesclerk (saleswoman, salesman, salesperson),

|a sales department, sales declines, a sales staff

|a savings account, a savings bank, a savings plan

|a securities firm

|systems analysis, systems software (system software)

|a sports writer

|a communications system, a communications satellite

|hands-on training

|a financial markets economist

|workweeks shortening

|wages falling

|the futures market

|funds demand

|the financial services industry

However

|earning power

|sale prices

Compound attributes:

|computer communications technology, a computer communications system,

|securities industry sources

|shrinking employee bonuses commissions

|United Nations weapons inspectors

|the United Nations special commission

7.7 Countable/uncountable pairs

Some pure C nouns (not V nouns), which have concrete, individual and often substantive meanings have their uncountable counterparts, which have general, abstract, and often descriptive meanings. For example

(act, action), (action is also used as an C noun, which has the same meaning as act.)

(advertisement, advertising)

(advance, advancement)

(bag, baggage)

(bribe, bribery)

(broadcast, broadcasting)

(bubble, foam)

(call, calling)

(cargo (V), freight)

(cattle IP, livestock)

(circuit, circuitry)

(closing, closure (V))

(clothes/garment, clothing/apparel)

(cover, coverage)

(drug, medicine (V))

(estimate, estimation)

(experiment (V), experimentation)

(feel, feeling (V)),

(feud, enmity)

(fight, fighting)

(fund, funding)

(gamble, gambling)

(goods (P), merchandise)

(house, housing)

(hurry, haste)

(image, imagery)

(injury (V), wound(C), harm (U)

(jam, congestion)

(jewel, jewelry)

(job/task, work)

(jog, jogging)

(laugh, laughter)

(leak, leakage)

(limit, limitation (U_V))

(machine, machinery)

(morals / a morality, morality)

(move, movement (V))

(nutrient, nutrition)

(offer, offering)

(operation, surgery)

(pageant, pageantry)

(payment (V_C), pay), //Here both mean money paid. Payment is also V meaning the action of paying.

(plan, planning)

(permit, permission)

(poem, poetry)

(preservative, preservation)

(priority, precedence)

(product, produce(U)/production(U_C))

(program, code/programming)

(punctuation mark, punctuation)

(scene, scenery)

(shipment, shipping/shipment)

(struggle, struggling)

(suitcase, luggage)

(test, testing)

(journey/trip, travel(U_P))

(ovation, applause)

(weapon, weaponry/arms)

(worker, labor)

(wreck, wreckage)

7.8 Exceptions in forms

U nouns in plural form or -s ending:

Names of some diseases:

measles, diabetes, mumps, rabies,

Names of diseases with -tis:

arthritis, bronchitis,

Words ending in -ics:

mathematics, economics, ethics (a branch of philosophy),

logistics, physics, plastics,

Others:

plastic (V but plastics is U),

debris, news, data (U or P), brains (intelligence), kin (P only), pathos,

whereabouts (U, + Verb for S or P)

singles/doubles (in tennis and the like),

dominoes,

molasses,

Example.

|John's got no brains.

|I simply haven't got the brains.

Singular nouns ending with -s:

alias, axis (P is axes),

barracks (S_P), billiards,

corps (S_P, sing [kor], pl [korz]),

crossroads (S_P)

gallows,

mess, metropolis,

headquarters (S_P), hypothesis,

chassis (S_P)

means (S_P)

The New York Times

pelvis

series, shambles (S), species, summons,

the United Nations, the United States,

Plural nouns with no -s ending:

bacteria, data (U_P), media,

craft, (S_P), aircraft (S_P), folk, (=folks),

offspring (S_P), cattle (no S), clergy (no S),

people (P_COL), percent (also spelled per cent, S_P), personnel (P only), phenomena, oxen,

police (P only, = police officers),

the police (P only, organization),

organization (usu. organizations), poultry (P only),

sheep, spacecraft, fish (also fishes), horsepower,

yen (S_P, Japanese currency)

Special plural forms:

-a

alumna, alumnae,

era, eras,

formula, formulas/formulae,

larva, larvae,

lava, lavas,

-f, -fe

grief, griefs,

loaf, loaves,

wolf, wolves,

knife, knives,

life, lives,

handkerchief, handkerchiefs,

scarf, scarfs, scarves,

-ies

series, series,

species, species,

-is

axis, axes,

paralysis, paralyses,

emphasis, emphases,

parenthesis, parentheses,

metropolis, metropolises,

chassis, chassis,

-o

demo, demos,

dynamo, dynamos,

echo, echoes,

embargo, embargoes,

ghetto, ghettos/ghettoes,

innuendo, innuendoes/innuendos,

libido, libidos

manifesto, manifestoes,

memo, memos,

mosquito, mosquitoes/mosquitos,

motto, mottoes,

peso, pesos,

photo, photos,

piano, pianos,

studio, studios,

zero, zeros/zeroes,

-on

phenomenon, phenomena/phenomenons,

-oot, -oose

foot, feet,

goose, geese,

-ouse

mouse, mice,

louse, lice,

-s

alias, aliases,

bus, buses or busses

lens, lenses,

isthmus, isthmuses,

summons, summonses,

-ss

mattress, mattresses,

moss, mosses,

-th

month, months,

moth, moths,

cloth, cloths (clothes is IP),

strength, strengths

-um

addendum, addenda,

bacterium, bacteria

maximum, maxima,

medium, media,

minimum, minima,

memorandum, memorandums/memoranda,

-us

alumnus, alumni,

apparatus, apparatuses/apparatus,

census, censuses,

esophagus, esophaguses,

focus, focuses/foci,

genius, geniuses,

locus, loci,

radius, radii,

stimulus, stimuli,

virus, viruses

-x

climax, climaxes,

index, indexes/indices,

mix, mixes,

ox, oxen,

-z

quiz, quizzes

PART 2

CHAPTER 8 NOUNS CLASSIFIED BY LABELS

8.1 DsU nouns

8.1A DsU or DsU_SecU

abhorrence, abolition, absorption,

access,

|have access to

|facilitate access to knowledge

acclaim, accordance,

accountability,

|demand for teacher accountability

accounting,

acquiescence,

adherence, admiration, admittance,

ado,

|without much ado

adoration, advancement, advertising,

affluence,

alertness, alienation, aloofness,

amazement, amnesia,

anarchy, anesthesia, anonymity,

|.. , who spoke on condition of anonymity, said ...

anticipation,

|with great anticipation

apathy, aplomb,

|with aplomb

appeasement, applause, approval,

|to seek approval of the merger at the British High Court

approbation,

|greeted by smiles of approbation

arbitration,

|go to arbitration on

arousal, arson, articulation,

assent, assistance, astonishment,

|in astonishment

atonement, attrition,

audacity, autonomy,

abeyance,

|be in abeyance

|be held in abeyance

avail,

|to no avail

|[be] of no avail

avarice, awe,

|in awe of

|with awe

banishment, banter,

barter,

bedlam, belligerence,

bidding, billing, bitterness,

blackmail,

|He was accused of blackmail.

blame, bleakness, blindness, bliss,

bloodshed, bluster, bondage,

bravery, breeding, brevity,

bribery, broadcasting, burning,

candor,

|with good-natured candor

captivity, carnage, carping,

censure,

chastity, chatter,

|ceaseless chatter in a high tone

check-in, check-out, cheerfulness, chivalry,

citizenship,

clarity, cleverness,

collusion, collaboration,

combustion, commerce,

companionship,

compassion,

|are doing the work of compassion

completion,

|the completion of the work

|on/upon completion of

complexity,

compliance,

|[in] compliance with the regulations

complicity,

|complicity with someone with a crime

composure,

|keep/have her composure

|with composure

compression,

concealment,

|concealment of a weapon

conciliation,

condescension, conduct,

|to engage in illegal conduct

conformity, congestion, consent,

|give valid consent

conservation, consistency, consternation,

|with consternation

consummation, contamination,

|contamination of the environment

content¹

|She expressed her content with my work.

cooking, cooperation,

|rules on cooperation

corruption,

counseling,

|go to counseling

coverage, cowardice,

credence, credulity,

darkness,

|in complete darkness

dazzle,

decadence, decay,

|to fall into decay

decency, defiance,

|in defiance of a Federal judge

|They expressed defiance at the military takeover.

deflation, degeneracy, degradation,

dependence, depletion, deployment, depravity,

desperation, destruction,

detection, detention, devastation,

diligence, diplomacy,

|quiet diplomacy

disapproval, disarmament, disarray, disbelief,

dishonesty, disillusion, disillusionment,

discretion, discrimination, dismay,

|to fill him with dismay

disobedience, displacement, displeasure,

disposal, disquietude, disrespect,

dissent,

|dissent in the American church

dissipation, disuse,

documentation, domination,

drainage, dumping, duplicity,

earnest,

|if it is not in earnest

ease,

|ease of use

elaboration, elimination,

emancipation, embezzlement, employment,

endurance, enforcement, enjoyment,

enmity,

equality, eqanimity, equilibrium,

esteem,

|is still held in high esteem

euphoria,

erosion, evolution,

exaltation, exclusion, exhaustion,

|He died of exhaustion

exhilaration,

expediency, experimentation,

expiration, exploitation,

|capitalist exploitation

extinction, extortion,

fairness, faithfulness,

fame, fatigue, favoritism,

feedback, fermentation, ferocity

firmness, fission, fitness

flippancy, fluency,

footing, fun, fundamentalism, funding,

gaiety, gambling, gardening,

genocide,

glitz,

goodness, goodwill,

grace, graduation,

gratification, gratitude, gravitation,

greed, guidance, gunfire,

|be wounded by gunfire

habitation, handling, handwriting,

harassment, haste, havoc,

|to wreak havoc

health,

|He is in good health.

|Cigarettes are very bad for the health.

heartburn, heckling, heed,

heroism, heredity,

hibernation,

|go into hibernation

hiring, honesty, hospitality, hypocrisy,

identification, idleness, ignorance,

impeachment,

implementation, importance,

inaptitude, inclusion, incompetence,

indecision, independence,

indigestion,

|get sick of digestion

indignation, induction,

inertia, inferiority, infighting, inflation,

insanity, insistence, instability,

instigation, insulation,

integration, integrity, intercourse,

interception/interference, intimidation,

irrelevance, irresponsibility, irrigation,

jeering, jeopardy, jogging,

keeping,

large, leakage,

|prevent leakage

lechery, liberalization,

|economic liberalization

longevity, looting,

magnanimity, maintenance, majesty, malice,

manslaughter, matrimony, mayhem,

menstruation, mistrust, mitigation,

|a word in mitigation of his offense

modesty, mortality, mourning,

neglect, normality, nutrition,

obesity, oblivion, odium,

|odium for dictators

onomatopoeia, openness,

parking, parole,

|murderers on parole

passing, patience,

perfection, perjury, permission,

perseverance, persistence, perspiration,

picturesqueness, piety,

planning,

|careful planning

pluck, plumbing, plunder,

poise, pollution, popularity, potency,

precedence, preservation, prevention,

prime, privacy,

|a tiny piece of privacy

probation, processing, progress,

|make progress

promptness, propagation, propulsion,

prosperity,

|a symbol of happiness and prosperity

quarantine,

rationalism, rationality,

reasoning,

recall, reciprocity, recklessness,

recruitment,

|their own efforts at minority recruitment would suffer

rectitude, relaxation, removal,

repression, repugnance, respiration,

retail, retaliation, retrieval,

reunification, reverence,

ridicule,

|an object of ridicule

rigging,

sabotage, safety, salvage,

sanitation, saturation,

secrecy, segregation, self-preservation,

shipping, slaughter,

solvency, sovereignty,

|a transfer of sovereignty

spending, spite,

stagnation, stability, starvation,

strife, struggling,

solitude,

|He spent the fresh years of his youth in complete solitude.

submission, substantiation,

superiority, supervision,

surveillance, suspense, sway,

timing,

traction, trading, training,

transplantation, transportation,

|It is the city's duty to provide transportation.

treason, trepidation, truancy,

tuition

tyranny,

umbrage,

|take umbrage at

unemployment, uniformity, unrest, usurpation

validity, vandalism,

vehemence,

vigor, violence,

wear,

|motor wear

|sports wear //SecSbU

welfare,

whaling, wholesale,

wiring,

womanhood,

worship, wording,

wrath,

|is roused to wrath

wrestling,

8.1B DsU_SecC or DsU_SecU_SecC

abbreviation, abridgement, absence,

|excuses for absences //SecC

abstraction,

accession, accretion, accomplishment,

|a sense of great accomplishment //DsU

|a rare accomplishment //SecSbC

achievement,

|a high level of mathematical achievement

action,

|take action //DsU

activity, actuality (P in SecSbC),

aid,

adaptation, addition,

administration (oft. the, Administration, in SecC)

admiration (S in SecC), admission,

|apply for admission to Kyoto University //DsU

|an inadvertent admission of guilt //SecDsC

advantage, affiliation,

aggravation, agreement, alarm,

|Companies reacted with alarm to the yen's plunge. //DsU

alliance, alteration,

ambition, ambush, amendment, amusement,

angularity, animation, annotation, annoyance,

|a minor annoyance //SecSbC

answer,

|in answer [to] //DsU

appreciation,

|A note of appreciation seems appropriate

. //DsU

approach

approximation,

assembly, assertion,

|made no immediate comment on the companies' assertions //SecSbC

|an assertion that has been denied by Mr. Shekhar's camp //SecSbC

assessment,

|an environmental assessment

assignment,

association, assumption, assurance,

|make assurances //SecSbC

atrocity (usu.P in SecSbC)

attachment, attainment,

|Is all attainment followed by disillusion?

attendance, attention (P in SecSbC (kind acts))

|get attention

|pay attention to

|pay her attentions

attraction, attribution, austerity,

battery,

|A veteran firefighter was accused of battery in fight with his wife. //DsU

beauty, being,

|human beings

calculation, capability, capture,

care (P for causes of worry)

|have dental care

casting, caution, celebration,

|are marked by a special celebration

charity,

|Charity should begin at home

circulation, citation, civilization,

|in ancient civilizations

classification,

coalition, collation, collection,

combination, comfort,

|for the comforts of ordinary life //SecSbC

commendation, commitment,

|make a commitment //SecDsC

communication,

|Communications are means of communication. //SecSbC,DsU

|A communication is a message. //SecSbC

communion, company, comparison,

|make a comparison between an apple and a banana //SecSbC

competition, compilation,

complaint,

|a list of complaints //SecSbC

complexity (oft.P in Sec),

complication,

compromise,

|agree to a compromise //SecSbC

compulsion,

concert,

|in concert with my imagination //DsU

|Sinatra in concert //SecU(U)

concession,

|even with these concessions

condolence (IP in Sec)

confederation, confluence,

congratulation (IP in Sec)

|Congratulations! //SecSbC

conjecture, conjunction, conscience,

|a cop with a good conscience //SecSbC

consideration,

|take something into consideration //DsU

|show consideration for her feelings //SecDsU

|moral and economic considerations //SecSbC

|throw aside all considerations of her favor //SecSbC

consolation, consolidation,

constraint, construction,

|The automatic control device is of simplified construction //DsU

contact,

|keep in contact with //DsU

|a businessman with many official contacts //SecSbC

contention, contribution, convenience,

correction, courtesy,

creation, credit,

|to give him credit for the work he has done. //DsU

|claim credit

|to buy/sell on credit //SecDsU

|a package of foreign credits //SecSbC

|debits and credits //SecSbC

|I have not earned enough credits to finish my degree. //SecSbC

cutting,

damage, danger,

|not deterred by danger //DsU

|Robbery involves a danger to the person. //SecSbC

|fears the many dangers that loom in the future.

deceit, deception, decision,

|come to a decision

|make a decision

deduction, defense,

|Defense is better than attack. //DsU

|to field a defense //SecSbC

definition,

delegation, delicacy, delight,

|with delight //DsU

|for social delights //SecSbC

|It was a delight. //SecSbC

delusion, deposition, depravity,

description, design, designation,

detachment, development,

diagnosis, difficulty (oft.P in SecC)

|find difficulty in finding a new job. //DsU

|to face great difficulties //SecSbC

direction, disability, disappointment,

|He turned out to be a disappointment. //SecC

disclosure,

|an important disclosure

discomfort, discovery,

|make a discovery //SecSbC

disgrace, dishonor, dismissal,

dispatch, distinction,

|A distinction should be made between st and st.

distraction, distress,

|be in distress

|The knowledge was an annoyance rather than a distress. /SecSbC

distribution, division, donation,

|make a donation //SecSbC

eccentricity, economy,

|to practice economy //DsU

|lived with painful economy //DsU

|the US economy, the Japanese economy //SecC

embarrassment,

endorsement, endowment (P in SecC),

|was above the average in mental endowments //SecC

engagement, enhancement, enlargement,

enormity, enrollment,

enterprise, enticement, entitlement,

equivalence, error,

|She threw away the letter in error. //DsU

|make an error //SecSbC

establishment, estimation,

evil, exaggeration, excitement,

|burst with excitement //DsU

exercise,

|take open-air exercise

|do an exercise //SecbC

exile, existence,

explanation,

|a note of explanation //DsU

|give an explanation for //SecSbC

export (usu.P in SecC),

exposure,

|exposure to lead //DsU

extension, extraction, extravagance,

failure,

|died of heart failure

falsehood,

fanbtasy, fatality,

|traffic fatalities //SecSbC

festivity (usu.P in SecSbC)

finance (P in SecC), flight,

|take flight to //DsU

|The ball curves from right to left in flight. //DsU

|capital flight //SecDsU

|Do you have a flight for Chicago on Tuesday? //SecSbC

folly,

|What wild, monstrous folly!

|the follies of the world

forgery, formation,

fraternity, frippery (usu.P fripperies in SecSbC),

fury,

generation, glory, good,

|good and evil //DsU

government,

growth,

guard,

|caught him off guard //DsU

help,

|Asking for help isn't easy. //DsU

|A help is a person who helps someone. //SecSbC

hindrance, hire, honor,

|to award him honors //SecSbC

hostility (P in Sec)

|take the form of open hostility

|They agreed to stop hostilities between the two countries immediately. //SecDsC

housing,

|There is not enough housing in our city. //SecSbU

humanity (the+P in SecC), hunger (S in SecC),

hurry (S in SecC),

|in a hurry //SecC(idiom)

ignition, illness,

illumination (usu.P in SecC), illusion,

illustration,

imitation, impact, import, imposture,

incarnation, inconvenience,

indictment, individuality, indulgence,

infection,

|prevent seven million new AIDS infections //SecSbC

inheritance, inquiry,

|make further inquiry

|A statewide police inquiry is set. //SecSbC

insertion, installation,

institution, instruction,

|individual instruction,

intersection, intricacy,

|the intricacies of this sport,

intrigue,

invitation, irrelevancy,

justice,

|with justice,

leave,

|leave of absence //DsU

|a leave of absence //SecDsC

liability,

linkage, litigation,

|because of excessive litigation

living,

|the advantages of country living

|the cost of living //SecSbU

|earns/makes a living //SecSbC

|What do you do for a living? //SecSbC

locality, location, loyalty,

luxury,

manipulation, manufacture (P in SecC), mercy,

|asked mercy and justice //DsU

|What a mercy it is! //SecSbC

misery, mishap, mixture, moan, mockery,

modification,

|unauthorized modifications or alterations of

//SecSbC

motion,

|while the car was in motion //DsU

multiplication,

narration, nationality, necessity,

|necessities of everyday life

negation,

notation, notice,

|on short notice |without notice //DsU

|give notice to //DsU

objection, obscenity,

|a torrent of obscenities //SecSbC

obscurity, observation,

occupation,

oddity,

|only one oddity //SecSbC

operation,

|The machine is in operation. //DsU

|go into operation

|The doctor performed an operation. //SecSbC

|retrench operations because of poor business

opposition,

|soften opposition to the law's data retention provision by civil liberties advocates

organization, outrage,

overflow,

particular (Oft.P in SecC)

|in particular //DsU

|asked for particulars //SecSbC

|in every particular //SecSbC

partition, passage, patchwork,

peace,

|make peace

peculiarity,

perception,

|reinforce our given perceptions //SecSbC

peril,

|an awareness of peril

perplexity (usu.P in SecSbC),

personification, persuasion,

play,

|fair play //DsU

|at play //DsU

pleasure,

|It is pleasure to . . //DsU

|it is a pleasure for me to answer your request for ... //SecSbC

|It was a pleasure speaking with you. //SecSbC

possession,

practicality(oft, P in SecC), praise, prayer,

|beg your understanding and prayers //SecSbC

prediction,

preoccupation, preparation, prescription,

presence, presentation, presumption,

|The dinner is in preparation. //DsU

pride,

|I have proper pride.

probability, production, progression,

prohibition, prohibition, projection, prominence,

prophecy, propriety (DsU_SecP), protection,

|Savings bonds lack protection against the rising cost of living. //SecSbU

provocation, publication, punctuation,

punishment,

|inflict some condign punishment on this man

given a severe punishment

pursuit,

|in pursuit of //DsU

|the pursuit of happiness //SecDsS

qualification,

|That's a great qualification //SecSbC

reassurance, receipt,

|Payment is due upon receipt of this bill. //DsU

|May I have a receipt? //SecSbC

recollection, recording, reduction,

|income tax reductions //SecSbC

redundancy,

refuge,

|seek refuge //DsU

|found a refuge from the rain //SecSbC

refinement, reflection, refreshment,

registration,

|registration as an authorized user

regulation,

|Regulation of banks can be imposed by a government. //DsU

|the rules and regulations governing ... //SecSbC

remembrance, reminiscence (P in SecSbC)

repayment, replacement, reply,

|in reply //DsU

representation,

|We live in the world of power and representations.|a graphic representation //SecSbC

reproach, reproduction,

resemblance, residence,

resolution, resort, responsibility,

|take responsibility //DsU

|You have a responsibility to keep drugs out of reach of children. //SecSbC

restriction,

|loosen some restrictions on law enforcement access to the records //SecSbC

rigor (P in Sec)

ruin,

|had fallen into ruin

ruling,

salvation, sanction, satire, saving,

scholarship,

security, seizure, selection,

|make your selections //SecC

serving,

|12 servings per container

setting,

sham, shipment,

|to ban shipments of Toshiba products to the United States

sleep,

|go to sleep //DsU

|How much sleep do you really need? //DsU

|A sleep is a period of sleep. //SecSbC,DsU

solicitude,

speech,

|freedom of speech

|make a speech

splendor (P in SecC)

statement (usu.SecC; formal usage only as DsU)

|make a statement //SecC

strength,

|He has great strength of character. //DsU

|Consider the child's strengths and weaknesses. //SecSbV

|What are your great strengths? //SecSbV

subscription, subtraction, success,

|dislike modern success

suggestion,

|your excellent suggestions //SecSbC

support,

|obtain additional financial support for the plan

//SecSbU

surgery

|He was in surgery

surprise,

|He expressed some surprise at the offer. //DsU

|take someone by surprise //SecU(idiom)

|be caught by surprise // SecU(idiom)

|come as a total surprise //SecSbC

|It comes as no surprise. //SecSbC

torment, trade,

|an agreement to freer trade //DsU

|Some of their trades are very complex.

transaction, translation, transmission,

transparency,

trust, truth,

|It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife. //SecSbC

unity, utility,

|The rent does not include utilities. //SecSbP

utterance

variety,

|a variety of flowers //SecC(idiom)

vexation, vice,

|If virtue becomes excessive, it can easily turn into a vice.

video,

|on video //DsU

videotape, virtue,

|memorable deeds of high virtue //DsU

|She had virtues. //SecSbC

|Kindness is a fine virtue.

weakness, wealth (S in a wealth of),

will,

|her strength of will

|a sign of good will toward us

withdrawal, winding, winning (P in SecC)

woe (P in Sec), wonder, worry,

|have a worry

writing (P in SecSbC)

|technical writing //DsU, SecSbU

|Gissing's writings //SecSbC

8.1C DsU_SecV, DsU_SecU_SecV

accumulation,

|Significant accumulations of snow is likely. //SecSbV

|three inches of accumulation //SecSbV

|expect a total accumulation of 6 to 9 inches //SecSbV

|Total accumulation was 1.75" to 4" in the North Region. //SecSbV

adornment, alignment, apprehension,

|felt apprehension for the safety for her son

|have an almost physical apprehension of st

|with great apprehension

banking,

|offer online baking

barbarism,

coloring,

compensation, composition, comprehension,

connection,

|through external pin connections //SecSbV

concentration,

|no mass concentrations of refugees //SecSbV

conception, confidence,

|have confidence in st //DsU

|in confidence (=as a secret) //SecSbV

|to exchange confidences //SecSbV

difference,

|make a difference

disagreement,

entertainment,

execution,

|abolished executions for all defenses but treason //SecSbV

exertion, expenditure (U_P in SecV))

|government expenditures //SecSbV

finance (U_P in SecV)

|have more control over my finances //SecSbV

freedom,

|freedom of expression

|to promote respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms //SecSbV

friction,

harmony,

|with harmonies and contrasts of subdued color //SecSbV

imagination, implication,

|implication in a crime //DsU

|What implications would have this data? //SecSbV

impunity,

|get away with impunity

indication,

|There are indications that .. //SecSbV

industry,

|the ties between Government and industry //SecSbV

|the power industry //SecSbV

involvement,

|involvement in a war

|involvement in the crime //DsU

irony,

knowledge,

maturity,

|Interest on CDs is credited at maturity.

|The bank offers varying maturities for CD accounts.

mischief,

penury (S_U in SecDSV), poverty (S_U in SecDSV)

precipitation,

reality,

|Writing constructs realities that serve one or another purpose. //SecSbV

resignation,

|a letter of resignation //DsU

restraint,

|an unconstitutional restraint of its right to broadcast news

sponsorship (U_P in SecSbV)

spring,

strategy,

|the strategies employed by the firm

8.1D DsU_SecC_SecV, DsU_SecU_SecC_SecV

accommodation (P in USA and U in UK for SecSbV)

|offer an enormous range of accommodations //SecSbV

acknowledgment, acquisition (SecDsV in business usage),

arrangement,

|by arrangement //SecDsV

|make arrangements for //SecSbC

certainty,

contrast,

|make a startling contrast //SecSbC

|in/by contrast [with]

control,

|to acquire control over something //DsU

|put controls on the transportation bureaucracy //SecSbV

decoration,

disorder,

examination,

friendship,

|express a warm friendship for her //SecSbV

|make friendships

foundation,

|laid the foundations for modern chemistry

intake,

|calory intake as well as calory expenditure

introduction,

invention, investment,

|Certain investments are risk-free. //SecSbC

limitation,

offense,

practice,

|in practice, as contrasted to theory //DsU

|in batting practice //SecDsU

|practice on a skill

|the practices described in the suits //SecSbV

|hospital practice //SecDsU

provision,

|under a provision of the federal pesticide control law //SecC

|make provision for //SecV(idiom)

qualification,

|qualification for entering a college //SecSbU

|the entrance qualifications for this college //SecSbC

sentiment,

|your real sentiments

|a sampling of voter sentiment

|stories full of sentiment

separation (U_S in SecV), session, settlement,

society,

|a courtly aristocratic society

|the Queen of Rosa society

supply,

|Increased supply decreases price. //DsU

|ample supply //DsU or SecDsV

|ample supplies of food //SecSbP

|be in short supply //SecU(idiom)

|a power supply //SecSbC

thought,

|lost in thought //DsU

|a train of thought //

|on second thought/thoughts //SecV(idiom)

|with a final thought //SecSbC

|She remembered her thoughts and feelings //SecSbC(P)

|ancient Chinese thought //SecSbU

tyranny,

wisdom,

8.2 SbU nouns

8.2A SbU or SbU_SecU

acne,

aeronautics, aesthetics, agility, agriculture,

AIDS, air power,

alchemy, alcoholism, algae, algebra,

alimony, altruism, aluminum,

amber, ammonia, ammunition,

anemia, apparel, appendicitis,

archeology, architecture, arithmetic, armor,

|wore armor

arsenic, arthritis, artifice,

|the conventions of literary artifice

artistry,

asceticism, asbestos, asparagus, asphalt,

astronomy, asthma,

athletics, attire,

automation, aviation, azure,

bacon, baggage, bail,

barley,

bedding, behalf, beige, bile, biology,

blood, blood, pressure blue, bowling, boxing,

bran, broccoli, brokerage, brush¹,

bullshit, buoyancy, bureaucracy,

caffeine,

carbon, dioxide cardboard, carpentry,

cash, cashmere, causality,

celery, cellophane, celluloid, cellulose,

cement, censorship, ceramics, chaos,

|increased social and economic chaos //SbU

charcoal, charisma, chatter,

chemistry, chess,

chlorine, chlorophyll,

cholesterol, Christianity,

circuitry, clay, clothing,

cobalt,

cocoa, coconut, coke,

collateral, common sense,

concrete, congestion, consumerism,

craftsmanship, cramp, crap,

creativity, credibility, crimson, crossfire,

cud, custody,

dancing, dandruff, dawn,

|before dawn

daybreak, daylight, daytime,

|in broad daylight

debris, decorum, dew,

dialectic, dialectics,

dirt, discretion, divinity,

doom, doubles, down²,

drudgery,

dung, duration, dusk, dust,

dynamics, dynamism, dynamite,

earshot,

|within earshot, out of earshot

ebony, efficiency, electricity, electronics,

e-mail E-mail, email, engineering,

equity,

ethics, etiquette,

|the rules of etiquette

etymology,

equipment,

excrement, eyesight,

farming, fauna,

fertility,

filth,

|wallow in filth

finesse,

|showed finesse in handling the embarrassing situation

firewood,

flax, flesh, flexibility,

flu, fluff, fluidity,

fodder, foliage, footage, forage, foresight,

freight, froth, fudge, furniture,

|making fine furniture is a skill

fuzz,

garbage, garlic, gasoline, gauze,

gibberish, ginger, glamor, golf,

graphite, gravel, gravity, gravy,

grease, gridlock, grime, guesswork,

half-mast,

|at half-mast

hardware, harm, hay,

heartburn, heart, failure heather, heroin,

hindsight.

|in hindsight

hockey, homage,

|pay homage to st

homework,

horticulture, housework,

humankind,

|Humankind can make a difference.

humidity,

hygiene, hype,

ice, icing, idealism, imagery, impetus,

incense, incest, indigo,

infantry, influenza, information,

ingenuity, intelligence, iodine, ivory,

jazz, jet, lag jewelry,

Judaism, judo, junk, jurisprudence, jute,

kelp, kerosene, ketchup, khaki,

lard, lather,

leeway

|give you some leeway

left, legislation, leisure,

|at leisure

leverage,

|used the budget as leverage to pass get pet projects passed.

lightning, litter, livestock,

logic, longhand, loot,

luck,

|bad luck

luggage, lumber,

machinery, magic, magnesium, magnetism,

malaria, mankind,

margarine, marijuana,

marmalade, marrow¹, mayonnaise,

measles, Medicare, menopause,

merchandise, mercury, meteorology,

midday, midnight,

|at midday

|at midnight, after midnight //SbU

might, mileage, milk, mistreatment,

moisture, molasses, momentum,

|as evidence of momentum

moonlight,

morale,

|Troop morale deteriorates

mortar (like cement)

mucus, mud, mumps, music,

|don't care very much for piano music

muslin,

nausea, needlework, news,

nightfall,

|by nightfall

|at nightfall

nighttime, nonsense, noon,

|at noon of Sunday

|around noon

oatmeal, overtime (also adverb),

|on overtime

|work overtime //Adverb

oxygen,

palimony, par-time (also adverb)

|teach part-time

pay,

|a cut in pay

pastry, pathos,

peel (also S in Amer.), petroleum,

photography, platinum, plenty,

poetry, poker² (card game),

polio, popcorn,

porcelain, pork,

posterity,

|held in perpetual esteem by all posterity

potassium,

prestige,

|the same kind of boost in prestige

produce, productivity,

propaganda, publicity, pus,

quartz,

rayon, real estate, recourse,

|had recourse to him

redress,

|seek redress through the courts

refuse,

rubbish, rubble,

|were dug out alive from the rubble

rye,

saliva, scenery, scurvy,

self-interest, self-service,

sewage, sewerage, charades,

shopping, shorthand, singles,

slang, slavery, sleet, smoking,

soccer, software, solder, soot,

spaghetti, spawn, spelling,

spinach, sportsmanship,

standing,

|a man of high social standing

static, stationery, steam, storage, stuff,

sundown, sunlight, sunshine,

tact, tar, teamwork, thunder, tourism,

8.2B SbU_SecC or SbU_SecU_SecC

accident,

|by accident //SbU

|a terrible accident //SecSbC

adventure,

|Life became an adventure around here. //SecSbC

|be filled with adventure

advice (P in SecSbC),

|give advice to

|Advices came from the author asserting that the incidents in the story were true. //SecSbC

air,

|fresh air //SbU

|with an easy-going air //SecSbC

anatomy, art, artillery,

|tanks, artillery, and combat vehicles //SbU

aspirin,

auction, authenticity, authority,

|with the air of authority that has intimidated his subordinates, //SbU

|The authorities are public officials in command. //SecSbC

|the transit authority //SecSbC

|law-enforcement authority

autism,

ballet, beef, behavior (usu.U, C is also used in psychology),

|A broad range of behaviors are classified as abnormal. //SecSbC

black,

board, bounty, business,

|do business with //SbU

|run a business //SecSbC

|It is costly for businesses. //SecSbC

braid,

camouflage, chalk, cinnamon,

cold,

|I got cold outside. //SbU

|I've got a cold. //SecSbC

collage, copper, corn, counsel,

crepe, cruelty (usu.P in SecC)

democracy, destiny,

digestion, discourse, disturbance,

|the center of disturbance

|a mental disturbance //SecSbC

diversion,

dominion, dope, drawing, dress,

excellence, exhaust, eternity,

experience,

|have gained variable experience //SbU

extent,

|in extent //SbU

|to such an extent //SecC

|to a large extent //SecC

fate,

|Do you believe in fate? //SbU

|met a different fate //SecSbC

feeling,

|religious feeling

|I have a feeling that he is planning to kill her. //SecSbC

fiber,

|materials of fiber, rubber and plastic //SbU

fiction, flannel, foil, fortune,

|as symbols of good fortune

|amass a fortune in the stock market //SecSbC

frost,

glare, glass,

grammar, grass, grit (P in SecC)

hail, hearing,

|to hold public hearings //SecSbC

heat, horror, humiliation, hydrogen,

|Alcohols are compounds in which an alkyl group

replaces one of the hydrogens of water //SecSbC

impurity (P in SecSbC),

inspiration, intellect,

iron,

jurisdiction,

land,

|Land is cheaper.

Latin, laundry,

leadership,

|under new leadership

life,

|have a happy life //SecSbC

|have a social life //SecSbC

|build a better life //SecSbC

|in daily life, college life //SecSbU

light,

|The speed of light is 3 H 10⁸ meters/sec. //SbU

|She turned a light on. //SecSbC

|The lights were on in the ceiling. //SecSbC

|stopped at the red light //SecSbC

|in a light of such circumstances //SecSbC

loyalty,

mail,

|receive the free catalogue by mail //SbU

matter,

|printed matter //SbU

|explain matters //SecSbC

mechanics (P form in SecC),

menace, mentality,

|an aggressive mentality //SecSbC

merit (P in SecC),

mint, mire, mischief,

|get into mischief

misfortune, money (P and formal in SecSbC (monies or moneys)),

|make money

morality,

naught, nobility (COL in SecC), nylon,

obstetrics, office,

|removal of office //SecU

|is running for office //SecU

paper, perspective, pharmacy, philosophy,

piss,

plaster, politics (plur. politics)

|Politics is political science. //SbU

|Politics are political activity. //SecSbP

|Politics is political rivalry. //SecDsU

|My politics are my political views //SecSbP

population,

|Population is the number of people who live in a country city, or other area. //SbU

|A population is a group of people. //SecC

pottery, power,

|human power //SbU

|a major power //SecSbC

|a loss of purchasing power

prose (SecSbC in Brit.)

protocol,

radio, rarity, right,

|did not know right from wrong //SbU

|human rights //SecSbC

room,

|The market has plenty of room for growth. //SbU

royalty,

|a royalty of $300,000 //SecSbC

salt, sand, sap,

science, scope,

shade (usu.the+ in SbU),

|in the shade //SbU

|a light shade of green paint for the walls //SecSbC

shit,

statistics (SbU_SecP), smell,

|has a keen sense of smell //SbU

|The dog found it by smell. //SbU

|the smell of cigars //SecSbC

|Please have a smell of this cheese. //SecDsC

smoke,

|stopped their work for a smoke

spit, straw,

|drank her soda through a straw

substance,

|in substance //SbU

subtlety, sunrise, sunset, sustenance,

sweat,

thatch, toil, treasure,

turf, twilight,

verse

vision,

|poor vision //SbU

|one of the most striking visions in space //SecSbC

ware (P in Sec),

water (U, the+, P),

|A ship was glided down the waters. //SecSbP

weather (U except all weathers)

|The ship is sailing into stormy weather. //SbU

|in all weathers //SecSbP

wit,

|a sparkle or a glimmer of wit

work,

wrong,

yes, youth,

|with all the vigor of healthy youth //SbU

zero,

8.2C SbU_SecV, SbU_SecU_SecV

caramel, costume,

|a tawdry costume

cream,

ecology, essence,

humor,

|with good humor

insurance,

|buy life insurance //SecSbV

|a life insurance for five hundred thousand. //SecSbV

|You can take out fire insurance on your house. //SecSbV

labor,

|manual labor //SbU

|skilled labor //SecSbU

malt, mash, medicine,

|took her medicine

mustard,

nature,

|human nature //SecSbV

potential,

|He has great potential. //SecSbU

transit,

|mass transit

8.2D SbU_SecC_SecV, SbU_SecU_SecC_SecV

bass,

|Paul Chamber on bass //SecSbV

brass, breath (S for SecC)

|He has bad breath. //SbU

|He took a deep breath.

|She paused for breath. //SecDsV

|There was hardly a breath of air in the room. //SecSbC

fire,

|A fired burned in a little stove. //SecSbC

|come under fire //SecDsU

foam,

gold,

lead²,

property,

|private property //SbU

|She bought suburban properties near Detroit. //SecSbV

|chemical properties of a substance //SecSbC

taste (a+S in SecDsC, U_P in SecSbV)

|a sense of taste //SbU

|the taste of wine //SecSbC

|He had a taste of her home-made pickle. //SecSbC

|She developed a taste for literature. //SecDsC

|She has good taste in clothes. //SecSbV

|Her tastes were social. //SecSbV

white,

8.3 DsC nouns

8.3A DsC, DsC_SecC

alert, allegation,

ascent, aspersions (IP),

|cast aspersions on

attempt,

|do an attempt

backhand, backlash, ban,

|a ban on unsolicited e-mail advertising

|a ban on imports of Toshiba Corporation products by the United States

bang,

|He shut the door with a bang.

bargain,

|They're a great bargain

|There are less bargains than you might expect.

|make a bargain [with]

barrage,

|protect our troops with a barrage of fire

bash, bath,

|take a bath

beat, belch,

bet,

|have a bet on

|make bets

bid, bite,

|give me a bite

|take a bite

bob, booking,

blast, blitz, blessing,

|many blessings to you.

blockade, blow, blush,

boil, bolt²,

boom, boost, bounce, bound, bouquet,

bout, bow¹, boycott,

|a boycott of the 1988 Olympics

brawl, breach, break,

|some breaks of showers

breakup, breakthrough,

burp, burst,

bust² (such, as an arrest by the police), buy,

caress, cast, catch, caveat,

challenge, check, check-up cheer,

|give a cheer

chill, chop, chuckle,

clap, clash, clasp, cleanup (S),

|A nationwide cleanup is under way.

climb, clinch, clip², close (S), clutch,

collapse, coma,

|be in a coma //DsC

contraction, cosmetic (usu.P in SecSbC),

cough,

|with a few sputtering coughs //SecSbC

crash, crawl, creep, crunch, crush,

cuddle, cuff², curb, cure,

cut, cutback, cutoff,

dash, daze,

deal²,

|make/cut/get a deal

|sign a deal with

debut

|make one's debut

|make a US debut

detriment,

|a detriment to your cause

dig, dive,

dodge, download, downpour,

dribble, drip, drop,

eclipse, embrace,

|an embrace of free markets

epidemic,

excesses (P), excuse,

|have an excuse

exhibition, exit, exploit (usu.P)

faint, fall,

feel, feint, feud,

fight, filibuster, fit²,

|a fit of coughing

flap, flick, fling, flip, flop,

flourish, flurry, flush,

|a flush of water //DsC

|a flush on her cheeks //SEcSbC

footing, foul,

fray, freeze, frown, fumble, fusillade,

gallop, gambit, gamble, gasp, gaze,

giggle, glimpse,

grab,

|make a grab for/at

|be up for grabs //SecSbC(idiom)

grasp, grimace, grin, grip, grumble,

guaranty, guess, gulp, gunfire, gush, gust,

haircut, halt (S), harangue, haul (S),

heave, heartbeat,

hiatus (usu.S), hit,

|California was the hardest hit //SecSbC

hitch, hoist, hop, howl,

hug, hunch,

|have a hunch that . .

hunt, hush (S),

inflow, injection, inquisition, insult, itch,

jar, jerk,

|without jerks or hitches //DsC

|He is a jerk. //SecSbC

jitters (IP, the+), jog, jolt, jostle, jump,

kickoff, kill, kiss, knock,

landslide, lash, laugh, layoff,

|layoffs of Toshiba employees

leap,

libido, lick, lift,

|Do you need a lift home?

liking (S), limp,

|walk with a limp

leak, look,

|A look may be action of looking. //DsC

|A look may also be an expression to be looked at. //SecSbC

|Looks are a person's appearance. //SecSbC

lookout, lunge, lurch,

manicure, manifestation, march, massacre,

merger, miss, move, muddle (usu.S), murmur,

nap,

|have a short nap

nibble, nip, nod, nudge,

offensive, offer, onslaught, opening,

|have an opening in my auditing department //SecSbC

ordeal,

outbreak, outburst, outflow,

outgrowth,

|an abnormal outgrowth

outing, outpouring,

ovation,

|give a standing ovation

overhaul,

pallor (S), pang (usu.P), pant,

paradise, parley, pass,

|to make a pass at sb //SecDsC

pause, pat,

peal, peck, peek, peep, penalty,

|the death penalty //SecSbC

|a death penalty //SecSbC

penchant

|He had a penchant for fast food.

pick (S in DsC)

|one of the picks for why they choose banks //SecSbC

pickup, piggyback, pinch,

|She gave me a good pinch. //DsC

|a pinch of salt //SecSbC

|in a pinch //SecSbC

plea,

|deliver a fervent plea

pledge, plunge,

|make a plunge at the difficulty

poll, polls (the+), pose, pout,

prank,

|play other pranks

predilection, predisposition,

premonition, presentiment, press,

|a press of the button //DsC

|articles in the press //SecSbC

preview, probe, procession, proclamation,

prod, proposal,

puff, puke, pun, purge,

|a purge of corruption

pushup,

qualm, quarrel, query, quest,

race¹,

|a grueling race

raid, raise, ramble, rampage (the+S),

rant,

refrain, remark,

|make pert remarks

rescue, reshuffle (usu.S), reversal, riot,

|deadly riots

ride, rise,

roar, roll,

romp, roundup,

rout, row², row³ (as a quarrel oft.S)

rub,

|What is the rub? //SecSbC

run, rupture, ruse,

salute, scare, scowl,

have a scowl on his face

scramble, scrape,

scratch, scream, screech, scrub,

scuffle, search,

shake, shambles (S),

|be in a shambles

shave,

|for a shave and a haircut

shiver,

|A shiver ran down her back.

shot, shout,

|a storm of shouts

shriek, shrug, shudder, shuffle,

sigh,

|breathe a sigh of relief

simper, sip,

|take a sip

skid, skirmish, slap, slash,

slide, slight

|His slights made her cry.

slip (usu.S in Ds), slug, slump,

|He is in a slump.

smack, smash, smile,

snap, snarl¹,

|were caught in a snarl of traffic

sneer, sneeze,

sob,

|answered with a sob

spank,

|gave the baby a spank

spanking, spasm, spat, split,

|a split between the civilian government and the military on the ground

sprout, spurt,

squawk, squeak, squeal,

squeeze,

|gave the child an affectionate squeeze

squirm, squirt,

stab, stagger, stammer, stamp, stampede,

stand,

|make a stand //DsC

standstill,

|The train was at a standstill.

stare,

|give a stare

start,

|make a good start

|at the start

stay, stink, stir, stoop,

|walked with a stoop

stop,

stretch,

|vast stretches of land //SecSbC

stride, stroke, stroll,

|went for a stroll in the park

struggle, stunt,

|do stunts

summons (P is summonses),

|received a summons for jury duty

surf, surge (usu.S), survey,

swallow,

|take a couple of swallows //SecSbC

swap, sweep,

swim, swindle, swipe, swirl,

swish, swoop,

takeover, tap,

thanks (P), think,

thrill,

|find an enjoyable thrill

throb (usu.S), throes (IP), throw,

toss, touch,

trance,

|in a trance

tremor, trick,

|play tricks on

|do the trick

trickle (S),

|A trickle of supplies barely kept them alive.

trudge, try

|make a try

tug, tumble, turn,

|make a turn

twist, twinge, twinkle,

twitch, twitter,

uprising, upset, urge, U-turn

verdict,

8.3B DsC_SecU, DsC_SecC_SecU

accord,

account (U in idioms)

|heard various conflicting accounts //DsC

|on account of //SecU(idiom)

|hold corporate criminals to account

|open a savings account //SecSbC

advance,

|in advance [in] //SecU

|advances in mathematics

apology,

|make an apology

approach,

|be easy/difficult of approach //SecDsU

argument,

bay,

|keep sth at bay //SecU(idiom)

call,

|make a telephone call //SecDsC

|at call, on call, within call //SecDsU

|no call for, not much call for, //SecDsU

|at roll call

chase,

|give chase //SecDsU(idiom)

claim (C except idioms)

|to file a claim //DsC

|lay claim to st //SecU(idiom)

clout,

|long clouts

command,

context,

|in context //SecSbU

cry (SecU only in idioms)

|in full cry //SecSbU

dance,

favor, fault,

|It was my fault.

|puts you at fault

|find fault [with] //SecU(idiom)

flutter,

glance,

|at an glance

|to exchange glances

|at first glance //SecU(idiom)

guarantee,

|under guarantee //SecU

|without personal guarantee //SecU

hold,

|She has a hold on her husband. //SecDsC

|get hold of //SecU(idiom)

|be on hold |put sth on hold //SecU(idiom)

initiative,

|be active in waste reduction initiatives //DsC

pitch¹

|a fast pitch //DsC

|Pitch is a degree of highness of a musical note. //SecSbU

|the pitch of a gear tooth //SecSbC

promise,

|make a promise //DsC

|Their married life began with great promise of happiness. //SecSbU

pull (U only for special influence),

push (C(usu S) except the following idiom)

|When/if push comes to shove //SecDsU(Idiom)

rap,

reception, request,

|Catalogues are available on request. //SecU(idiom)

return,

|a return to a main program //DsC

|in return [for] //SecU(idiom)

|Have you sent a tax return for last year? //SecC

rise (C except the following idiom)

|give rise to //SecU(idiom)

rummage,

scratch

|from scratch //SecU(idiom)

shift,

|make shift [with] //SecU(idiom)

shove, show,

strike (secU for idioms)

|are/go on strike //SecU(idiom)

swing,

|be in full swing //SecDsU

tackle,

thrust, touch,

|a light touch on her hand //DsC

|the sense of touch //SecDsU

|such temporary touch of madness

tow (usu S)

|in tow, on tow //SecSbU

vent,

|give vent to //SecU(idiom)

veto,

|survive a likely veto by the President

want,

8.3C DsC_SecV, DsC_SecC_SecV

appearance,

|makes an appearance //DsC

|makes a court appearance //DsC

|has a noble appearance //SecSbV

|vulgar in appearance //SecSbV

|keep up appearances //SecSbV(idiom)

crossover (S in DsC),

dip,

flash,

gloom,

|in the gloom

harvest,

kick,

rush,

|What's all the rush?

shine, spread, spring,

|hope for an early spring //SecSbV

tread,

|the tread of a tire //SecSbV

trim,

8.3D DsC_SecU_SecV, DsC_SecC_SecU_SecV

appeal,

|have such a universal appeal //DsC

|have sexual appeal //SecSbU

|to plan an appeal to the court //SecDsV

|an avenue of appeal //SecDsV

choice,

|make a choice, make hard choices //DsC

|have the freedom of choice //SecSbV

|of choice, by choice //SecU(idiom)

demand,

|intensify demands that.. //DsC

|met union demands //DsC

|demand for oil //SecDsV

|supply and demand //SecDsV

|They are in great demand. //SecDsU(idiom)

drive,

|I like a drive in the country side. //DsC

|He lacks drive. //SecSbU

|a disk drive //SecSbV

|a car of four-wheel drive //SecSbV

punch,

|He gave a punch on the attacker. //DsC

|His speech lacks punch. //SecSbU

8.4 SbC nouns

8.4A SbC, SbC_SecC

abdomen, aborigine, abscess, abstract, abyss,

academic, academy,

accessory, ace,

ache (oft. compound e.g. headache), act,

ad, adage, addendum, adjunct, adolescent,

adversary, advertisement, advocate,

|an advocate of government regulation

affair, affidavit, aftermath, agency, agenda,

aide, ailment, aim,

aircraft, air force, air raid, air strike,

aisle,

albino, alias, alibi, alien, alley,

ally, almanac, alphabet (COL),

alternative, alto,

amateur, ambulance, amends (IP), amount,

anecdote, anemone, annex,

anniversary, announcement,

|Here are some announcements.

|make an announcement

annuity,

anomaly, antecedent, antenna,

anthem, anthology,

antics (IP),

|amused by the antics of the children

antibiotic (usu.P), antibody (usu.P),

antidote,

antique,

apartment, aperture, appendix, appliance, aqueduct, ,

arcade, archipelago, archives (IP), aristocracy, aristocrat,

armada, armistice, armory, arms (IP), army,

|a strong standing army

aroma, array, arrears (IP), arsenal,

|a full arsenal of chemical and biological weapons

artery,

asset (P in SecSbC)

|a valuable asset

assortment,

athlete, atlas, attribute,

audience, audit, audition,

automatic, autopsy,

|the results of an autopsy

auxiliary,

avalanche, award, awl, aye (usu.P)

babble, back, background,

|in the background

|letters on a gray background

bacteria (P), bacterium (S of bacteria), bate, bakery,

bale, ballad,

band, bandage, bandit, banquet,

bar, barb, baritone, bark, barn,

barometer, baroque,

barracks (IP), barrel, barricade, barrier,

basics (IP, the+P), basin, basis,

|on an annual basis

bastard, bastion,

batch, battalion, battlement, bazaar,

beach, beacon, beam, bearing,

|has a huge bearing on

beep,

beginning, belongings (IP)

bench, bend, bent (S)

berry, berth, beverage (usu.P)

bib, Bible, bibliography, bill¹,

|a bill for $32.60

bill², billow,

bin, bingo, biscuit, bit¹, bit²,

blade, blandishments (P),

blank, blanket, blare, blaze,

bleep, blemish, blend,

blind, blindfold, blip, blister, blizzard,

blob, bloc, blockade,

bloodstain, blot, blotch, blouse,

blues (IP), bluff¹, blunder,

|many blunders

blur,

boast, bolt¹, bond, bone, bonus,

border, bore, borough,

bosom, bottle, bottom,

bough, boulder, boundary, bounds (IP), bout,

bow², bow³, bowel (usu.P), bowl¹, bowl²,

brace, bracket, brain,

|He succeeded because he had brains.

brake, branch, brand,

breed, breeze, brew, bribe,

|lure lawmakers with bribes

brier, brigade, brim, brink (usu.S),

broadcast, brood, brow, bruise, brush²,

bubble, bud, budget,

|to cut/balance the state budget

|a balance budget

bulge, bulk, bulletin, bulwark,

bump, bun, bunch, bundle,

burden, bureau, burn, burrow, bush,

bust, butt, buzz, by-product

cab, cabaret, cabinet, cache,

|a cache of food

cactus,

cadet, cafe' cafeteria,

calamity, callus, calorie, campaign, campus,

can, canal, caption, captive,

carcass, career, caricature, carol, carton,

|a milk carton

cartoon, cascade, case²

|a carrying case for a camera

casualty,

catalog, cataract, Catholic, cattle (IP),

cavalry, cavity,

|a cavity in a tooth

cease-fire, ceiling, celebrity,

cemetery, census,

channel, chant,

characteristic (oft.P),

|a characteristic of young and inexperienced persons

charade,

|"War on trror" is a big charade.

chart, charter, chasm, chassis,

cheat, cheek, chime, chin, chip,

chirp, chives (IP),

choir, chopsticks, chord,

chore, chorus, chunk, chute,

cinder (usu.P), cinema, circle, circuit,

clam, clamor, clamp, clan, classic,

|everything from classics to jazz

clatter (S),

clearing, clef, cleft, clergy (IP), clerk,

click, client, cliff, climate, climax,

clinic, clink,

clip¹, clipping, clique (COL),

cloak, clock, clod, clogs (IP), clone,

closet, clot, clothes (IP), clove²,

club, clue, clump, cluster,

coach, coast, guard coat, coating,

cobblestone (usu.S)

cock, cockpit, cocktail, cocoon,

coil, coliseum, collar, colleague,

colon, colony, column,

comic, comma, commandment, commercial,

committee, commodity,

commonplace, commonwealth, commute (usu.S),

compact, companion, comparative, compartment,

complement, complex, complexion,

compliment, composite, compound,

concept, conclusion, cone,

confederacy, confederate, conference,

conglomerate, congregation (COL),

conservative, consonant, consortium,

constable, constant, constellation,

constituency, constituent, constitution,

construct,

contemporary,

contest, contestant,

continent, contour,

convent, convict,

cook, cookie, cool (usu.the+S+of),

coop, coordinate,

core, cornea, coronation, corporal,

corporation, corps (S and P forms), corpse,

corral, correlate,

|as a correlate of my consciousness

corridor, cot,

council (COL),

counter, counterattack, counterbalance,

counterfeit, counterpart, counterweight,

|consider Asean a political counterweight to China

county, couple, coupon, courtyard, coward,

cracker, crackle, craft, crag, crank, crate,

crayon, craze,

creak, crease, credentials (IP), creed, creek,

crescent, crew (COL),

criminal, cripple, crisscross, critic,

croak, crony,

|surrounded by a group of cronies

crook, crop,

cross, crossing, crotch, crowd (COL),

cruise, crumb, crusade/rust, crutch,

cudgel, cue¹, cue², cuff¹, culprit,

curfew, curl, curse, curve, curtain, curtsy,

cushion, customs (IP),

|some polite customs

cutting,

cycle, cyclone, cylinder, cypress,

dab, daffodil, dairy, daisy, dam,

darling, database,

deal¹, dear, deadline, debit,

decade, decimal, decree,

deficit, defect,

|a genetic defect on breast cancer cells

delegate, deluge,

|a deluge of visitors

demo, den, denomination,

dent, dependent, depot,

derrick, descendant, destination,

detective, deterrent, detour,

|make a detour

device, devil,

diaper, diaphragm, die, dignitary, dike,

dimension, dimple, diploma, diplomat, directory, dirge,

disadvantage, disco, discount,

dissertation, district,

ditch, dividend,

|the unfair double taxation of dividends

dock, doctrine,

document, documentary, dollar,

|the dollar |dollars

domain, dose, double, downs (IP),

draft, drain, drapes (IP),

drawback, drawer, drawers (IP), drawl,

dream, dregs (IP), drone,

dropout, drug, drunk,

duct, due, dues (IP), duel, duet, dummy, dump,

dune, dungeon, duo, dupe, duplicate,

dwelling, dynamo, dynasty,

earnings (IP),

|Your company will pay you any interest on your deferred earnings.

earthquake, eaves (IP),

ebb, echo,

edge, edict, edition, editorial, ego, election,

embankment, ember, emblem, embryo,

enclave, enclosure, encounter,

ending, enemy, enigma, entity,

epic, episode, epoch,

equal, equator (the+S), equinox, equivalent,

era, errand,

esophagus, essay, essential (usu.P),

estate, estimate,

|for a free estimate

|an estimate of $130

ethic,

|the Christian ethic

eve (but Christmas, Eve), evergreen,

exam, exclamation,

|uttered an exclamation

excursion, excuse,

executive,

excerpt, exhibit, expedition,

exterior, extra, extreme,

eyebrow, eyelash, eyelet, eyelid,

facet, factor, factory, fad, fake,

family, fan, fanatic, fang,

fare, farewell, fast, fathom, faux pas (P is faupas), favorite,

feast,

|a sumptuous feast

feat, feather, feature (P in SecC), feces (IP), fee,

female, ferry,

fib, field, filament, figure, filet, fill, filter,

finding (oft.P), final, finale, fine,

firearm, firework (usu.P), firm,

fist, fit¹ (S), fitting (S), fix (usu.S),

fixture (usu.P in SbC),

flake, flank, flare, flashback, flashlight,

flat, flaw,

fleece, fleet, float, flock, floor, fly,

foe, fold,

folk (folk, and folks, are both IP),

following, font¹, font² (COL), fool,

ford, forecast, foreground (usu.the+S),

forfeit, forge, formality, formula,

fort, fortnight,

|for a fortnight

forum, forward,

forces (IP),

|armed forces

fossil, foundry, fowl,

fraction, fracture, fragment,

frame, framework,

freak, freckle, fringe, frontier,

fugitive, fume (usu.P),

function, fund, fundamental, funnel, furnace,

furrow, fuse, fuselage,

gable, gadget, gag, gait,

galaxy, gale, gallery, gallows,

gamut, gang, gap, garment, gash, gauge,

gem, gene, genus (genera in P form), germ,

ghetto, ghost, gift, gimmick,

glacier, gland, gleam, glimmer, glitch,

|a glitch in your operating system

globe, glossary, glow (S)

glut (usu.S)

|a glut on the market

gnat,

goal,

|score a goal

God, god goodbye, goof, gorge,

graduate, grade,

|My sister is in the second grade. //SecSbC

|her grade in mathematics //SecSbC

granny, grant, grape,

|sour grapes //idiom

graph, grassroots (IP, the+P),

|invigorates the grassroots

grate, grave,

greeting,

|exchange a greeting

|by various greetings

grenade, grid, grill,

groan, grocery (P in SecC),

grove, growl, grudge, grunt,

guerrilla, guidelines (IP)

|the sentencing guidelines

guitar, gulf,

habitat,

|the slow deterioration of our habitat

half, hamburger, handful,

|a handful of people

handicap, hang, happening (usu.P),

|think over recent happenings

harbor, harness, haven,

hazard,

|a hazard for rivers and lakes

headache, heading, headline,

headquarters (S and P forms)

heap, heart attack, hearth, heath, heathen,

hedge,

|a hedge against inflation

heir, hem, herb, herd,

hideout, high, Highness, hinge, hint,

hip, hiss, hive,

hoard,

|a hoard of scarce foods

hoax, hobble, hobby, hoe,

holdup, hollow,

homeland, homeroom, homestead,

honeymoon, honk, hoot,

horde, horizon (the+S in SbC, oft.P in SecC)

|bound by a horizon

hormone, horsepower (P unchanged)

household, hovel,

hub, hue, hull, hum (usu.S), human,

hurdle, husk,

hyacinth, hybrid, hydrant,

iceberg, icicle, idea, ideal,

idiosyncrasy, idiot,

image, impasse, impediment,

|put impediments in his way

impression,

|make a permanent impression upon his father

imprint,

inch, independent, index,

infant, infield, infinitive, infrastructure,

ingredient, inhabitant, inlet, inning,

inscription, inside,

|on the inside

installment,

instance, instrument,

integral, intellectual,

interior, interjection, intern,

interrogative, interval,

|at short intervals

intestine,

invertebrate, ion, iris, itinerary,

|prepare an itinerary

jack, jacket, jackpot, jeans (IP), jellyfish,

jetty, jewel, jibe, jingle,

job,

|I do not know why he did such a bad job.

joint, joke, journal, journey,

jubilee, judge, judgement, call

judiciary (the+S), jug,

jumble, jumper,

junction, juncture, junior, junta,

jurist, juror, juvenile,

keel, keg, kerchief, key,

kickback, kin (IP), kingdom, kink,

kit, knack, knee, knuckle,

label, lace, lag, lagoon, landslide,

lane, lapel,

laser, latch, lattice, lawsuit, label,

lecture, ledge, leftover, left-wing,

legacy, legend, legion, legislature, leer, lei,

liberal, license, lie, lien,

|a lien on your title

lifetime (usu.S)

|a lifetime of wonderful memories

ligament, like,

|your likes and dislikes

limit,

|within certain limits

|to impose a limit on the number of processes

link,

|cut economic links with

lip, lisp, liter,

lobby, locker, locomotive, lodge, loft,

log, loin, looking, glass

loom, loop, loophole, lorry,

lot,

|a vacant lot

|a parking lot

lotus, lounge, low,

|The currencies of Thailand and Indonesia plummeted to new lows.

lull, lullaby, lump, lung, lure, lyric,

magnet, main, major, majority,

|a two-third majority

male, map, margin,

|by a huge margin

Marine, Marine, Corps (the+)

market,

|from Marxist central planning to free markets

narketplace,

marvel, mat, match, massacre,

mattress, maximum,

means (S_P), mechanic, mechanism,

media (P form of medium, the+P, takes singular or plural verbs),

medium,

meet, meeting, melody,

membrane, memo, memorial,

mend, menopause, menu,

meow, message, metropolis,

middle (usu.the+S)

|in the middle of the month

midst, mien (S),

|have a mien of a doctor

mile, military (the+S, COL)

mine, minimum, minority, minus,

miracle, mirage, mission,

moat, mob, mold¹, mole¹, mole²,

moment, moo, monarchy, moral (P in SecC)

|A moral is a moral lesson.

morsel, mortgage,

motivation, motives, motor, motto,

mound, mount, movie, movies,

|go to the movies

multiple, multitude, munitions (IP)

mural, mussel, mustache,

|a man with a mustache

|his mustaches

napkin, nail, nation, native, navy,

negative, neighborhood, network, newspaper,

nicety (usu.P), niche, nick, nightmare,

no, notion,

nub, nude, nuisance (usu.S)

|are a nuisance

nutrient,

oats (IP), object, objective, obstacle,

|an insuperable obstacle in path to success

|an obstacle to the project

odds (IP)

|against mighty odds

offspring (=S&P form)

Olympics (the+, IP), omelet, omen,

option, oration, ordinance, organism,

outcome, outfit, outlet,

outlook, outset, outside,

overdose, overdraft, overture, oyster,

package, pad, paddy, pair,

palate, pall,

|A pall of gloom hung over our vacation.

palm,

pandemic, panties (IP)

pantry, pants (IP), pantyhose (IP)

past (S), pastime, pastel,

patch, patent, pattern,

pavement, payroll,

pearl,

pedal, pedant, pedigree,

people (IP_COL)

percentage, perimeter,

period, periodical, peripheral,

percent, percentage, permit,

|have permits to park in that area

peso, petition, pickpocket, picnic,

|go on a picnic

pigment, pile¹,

plan,

|make a plan

plane, plank, plantation,

pleat, plight,

ploy, plume,

|plumes of smoke

plural, plus, police (IP)

|pelted police with paving stones

pop, pound,

precept, preconception, precondition,

predicament, premise, prerogative,

preserve, pre

tension (us.P in Ds), pretext,

prick, principle, private,

pro, proceeds (IP), process, product,

profession, professional, profile,

project, prop, propensity, proxy,

prune, public (COL)

|the general public

puddle, pulp,

quagmire (usu.S), quarry, quay,

quilt, quintet, quirk,

|a person full of odd quirks

rabble, quota, quotation, quote,

rack, radish, rag, rally, rash,

rate, ratio, ration, rationale, rattle,

ravages (IP)

|the ravages of inflation

ray,

|a ray of light

razor,

ream (usu.P), rear,

rebate,

|a $10 rebate

rebel,

recess, recipe, recruit,

reek (S),

|a reek of tobacco

refugee, refund, region, reject,

|was sent back to the factory as a reject

reign, rein,

relic, remedy, remnant (oft.P), reprieve,

|receive a reprieve from the Governor

reptile,

requirement, reservoir, residue,

revel (usu.P), reward,

riddle, ridge, rift,

|to cause a rift in our friendship

rig, rim, rip, ripple, roast, role, round,

rug, rumble, runaway, rust, rustle,

safeguard, sanctions (IP)

sandwich, savage, saying,

scalp, scam,

|a fraudulent mail order scam

scar, scarf, scene, scheme, scissors (IP)

scoop,

|get a scoop

scorch,

seam,

|do a seam

searchlight, seashore, secret,

shackle (usu.P), share,

|He owns two hundred shares of the business.

sheen,

shoe, shoes (IP)

short-circuit

shortcoming (usu.P)

|The sole serious shortcoming is its size.

|has many shortcomings

shortcut,

|a shortcut from here to school

shortfall, shower, shrub,

side, sideline,

|Tokyo's withdraw to the sidelines // SecSbC

|buyers on the sidelines //SecSbC

sinecure, sink, sip, site,

|a disposal site, a Web site

slacks (IP), slip, slope,

sluice, slum,

|the slums

slur,

smear, smudge, snarl², snitch, snob,

solid, solution, sore,

|display their sores

sortie, SOS,

|The ship sent out an SOS.

sovereign,

span, spark, spare,

specialty,

|do have a specialty

species (P is species)

specification,

specimen (P is specimens), spell,

splash, splint, sponge,

|with a sponge

spree (S)

|a buying spree

sprint, spoils (IP), spur,

stack, stain,

|with a brown stain

stand, stands(Ip), standard,

|living standards in Western countries

staple, status quo (the+S), statute,

stereotype, sting, stock, market stomach,

|He kicked me in the stomach.

stool,

|to pass blood-streaked stools //SecSbC

strap, strait,

|in desperate financial straits

streak, stream, stub, stump,

subpoena, subsidiary, suburb, subway,

suds (IP), suite, superlative, supermarket,

supplement, surroundings (IP)

suspect, sweet,

tab, tack, tactic (P for military use),

tally, tan, tangle, taunt (oft.P)

tease, technicality,

|bother me with technicalities

telephone

|on the telephone

|over the telephone

tendency,

|a strong tendency to Vrb

tenet, tenor, tense, tent, term, test,

thaw, throne, thump,

tidbit, tide,

tie (P for things that unite people),

|accused of having ties to terrorism

tinge (usu. a+S), tint,

|a warm tint

tip¹, tip²,

tirade,

toilet, toll,

|took a heavy toll in human life

torrent, tout, towel,

tract, train, tramp, trap, travesty,

treasury, treat,

|You're in for a real treat.

treaty,

trend,

|conventional trends

troop (COL, but troops is a plural nouns meaning soldiers)

trump,

tumor,

|a brain tumor

turnout,

|a 75% turnout

twit,

understatement,

|It would be an understatement to say that ...

unit, ups (IP)

|ups and downs

update, upgrade, universe, utensil,

|kitchen utensils, eating utensils

vacuum, valuables (IP)

vegetable, veil, venture,

|The company has a joint venture in semiconductors with Motorola Inc.

verge,

virtuoso, virus,

visa, visage, vista, vitamin,

volt, vowel,

wad, wage, wall, wares (IP), wastrel, watt,

weekday,

|on weekdays

weekend

|Have a nice weekend.

wharf, whip, whole,

|as a whole

wound, wreck, writ,

yen (S_P form)

|the yen //S form

|Japanese yen //P form

yes,

zodiac (the+S),

8.4B SbC_SecU, SbC_SecC_SecU

armament (oft.P in SbC)

aspect, asylum, atmosphere,

|the atmosphere //SbC

|in a clean atmosphere //SecSbC

average,

|on average //SecU(idiom)

|above/below average //SecU(idiom)

backbone,

bed,

|lie down on the bed //SbC

|to sleep in bed, stay in bed //SecU(idiom)

|go to bed //SecU(idiom)

belly, biography, blight, bloom,

board, body, bridge, bull,

camera,

|on camera //SecU(idiom)

|in camera //SecU(idiom)

cause,

|cause and effect //SecSbU

cedar, ceremony,

|with/without ceremony //SecSbU

chain,

|masses of polypeptide chain //SecSbU

charge,

|a charge of $100 //SecSbC

|be in charge of //SecSbU

|a charge of robbery //SecSbC

|before official charges are made //SecSbC

cherry, chestnut, chief, church,

|attend church //SecSbU

circumference, circumstance (usu.P in SbC),

|at the mercy of paltry circumstance //SecSbU

class,

|She was a serious student while in class. //SecU

|the middle class

coal, code,

|source code //SecSbU

|a code of conduct

college, colonel, common,

|in common [with] //SecU(idiom)

community,

|a sense of community //SecDsU

condition,

|on condition of anonymity //SecU(idiom)

|be delivered in good condition //SecU(idiom)

congress,

|Congress //SecSbU

consequence,

|in consequence //SecU(idiom)

content² (P in SbC),

|the contents of the bag //SbC

|the alcohol content of beer //SecSbC

|rich in content //SecSbU

copy, count, contenance, counterpoint,

country, countenance

course,

|in due course //SecSbU(idiom)

|stay the course //SecSbC

court,

|He was held in civil contempt of court. //SecSbU

cover,

|was put in a plastic cover //SbC

|People ran for cover as bombs hit the street. //SecDsU

crack,

|A crack is a sharp noise. //SbC

|The earthquake left huge cracks in the road. //SecSbC

|A crack is an insulting joke. //SecSbC

|Crack is a form of cocaine. //SecSbU

date,

|Facts presented on one date may not be valid at a later date. //SbC

|give us a delivery date //SbC

|to date //SecSbU

deck, deed,

|in word and deed //SecDsU

dialect, diameter,

|draw a circle three centimeters in diameter //SecSbU

|the number of teeth on the gear per inch of pitch diameter //SecSbU

drag,

end,

|on end //SecSbU

|without end //SecSbU

example, exception,

|one of the few exceptions to this rule //SbC

fable,

fact,

|I want to provide ready facts about foods. //SecSbC

|as a matter of fact //SecSbU

*distinguish fiction from fact //SecSbU

fancy,

|She has a fancy to him. //SbC

farce, fare, fashion (S in SbC, a way of doing something),

file,

|on file //SecU(idiom)

first, fish, fishery,

focus,

|a focus on essential priorities //SbC

|to bring sth into focus //SecU

|to lose focus //SecU

|confront our problems with focus //SecU

foot, form,

|tax forms //SecSbC

front,

game,

|shoot big game //SecSbC

gear,

|shift into high gear //SecU

|in gear //SecU(idiom)

|out of gear //SecU(idiom)

gobble, gospel, Gospel,

graft, grub, gunpoint,

|at gunpoint //SecU(idiom)

gym,

|please excuse me from gym today. //SecU

habit,

|an ingrained habit

hand,

|be on hand //SecU(idiom)

heart,

|take this saying to heart

history,

holiday (SecSbU in Brit.), home,

|at home //SecSbU

|in the home //SbC

|He reached home at nine. //SecSbU

house,

|keep house //SecSbU

|spend a lot of money on house and clothing //SecSbU

idiom, incident,

|without incident //SecU(idiom)

instance,

jet, jury (COL)

|by jury //SecSbU

kind,

|in kind //SecSbU

|kind of //SecU(infml. idiom)

language, last, law,

|required by Federal environmental law

leaf, limb, line,

|on/in line //SecU(idiom)

|in line with //SecU(idiom)

loan,

|obtain a loan on my business //SbC

|a promised $10 billion in loans //SbC

|on loan //SecU

lock,

magnolia, make-up, manner,

|his lack of good manners

|behave in a seemly manner

|all manner of //SecSbU

measure,

|take measures //SecSbC

|in large measure

method,

|She had method and firmness. //SecSbU

miniature,

|in miniature //SecSbU

mink, mistake,

|make a mistake //SbC

|by mistake //SecDsU(idiom)

mystery,

narrative, neck,

|neck and neck //SecU(idiom)

nerve,

|The sounds frayed our nerves.

neutral, note, number,

oath,

|under oath //SecU(idiom)

|take an oath to Vrb

occasion,

|on occasion, //SecU(idiom)

|have occasion to Vrb //SecU(idiom)

opinion (U for a group's opinion),

|positive opinion about //SecSbU

|public opinion //SecSbU

outline

|in outline//SecU(idiom)

pace,

|at a brisker pace //SbC

|keep pace with //SecU(idiom)

pencil,

|write in pencil //SecSbU

person,

|in person //SecU(idiom)

personnel (= P form in SbC), place,

|in place of |out of place //SecU(idiom)

|put in place //SecU(idiom)

plant,

|plant and equipment //SecSbU

point,

|You have a point.

|That's not the point.

|That's a good point.

|I see your point.

poplar, position,

|Policemen took up positions behind protected shields. //SbC

|is in position to drive him out //SecSbU

pot,

|go to pot //SecU(idiom)

poultry (P_U)

|Chickens are poultry. //SbP

|Chicken meat is poultry. //SecSbU

prayer, precedent (SecU after a preposition),

|set a precedent for others to follow //SbC

|without precedent in the history of mankind //SecSbU

present (S)

|at present //SecSbU

premium, president,

print, priority,

|find our most important priorities

|have priority (over) //SecU(idiom)

privilege, prison,

|was sentenced to six years in prison //SecU

purpose,

|for tax purposes //SbC

|on purpose //SecSbU

question,

|in question //SecU(idiom)

record (C except the following idiom)

|on record //SecU(idiom)

|a matter of public record //SecU

religion, reserve,

|oil reserves //SbC

|one of the national forest reserves //SecSbC

|He lacks reserve. //SecDsU

report, resource,

|in perfect health and helpful resource //SecSbU

reverse,

rock, root (C except the following idiom)

|to take root //SecU(idiom)

row¹

|to be on death row

|to put someone on death row //SecU(idiom)

rule,

sail, scab, scale,

|out of scale with //SecU

|to scale //SecU

school,

|at school //SecU

scrap (P in SbC)

|give some scraps to the dog //SbC

|iron and steel scrap //SecSbU

series,

|in series with //SecU(Idiom)

sex,

shelter,

|have shelter //SecDsU

|for shelter //SecDsU

shore,

|was near the shore

|was just off shore

signature,

|guarantees of signature //SecDsU

song

|A female voice was raised in song.//SecSbU

sort, soul,

|body and soul //SecSbU

|not a soul

sparkle, stake,

|be at stake //SecSbU

|The stakes were immense.

state,

|The department carried no great heft of the burden of state. //SecSbU

step, stereo,

|in stereo //

stint (usu.S in SbC),

|without stint //SecU(idiom)

stitch, stone,

|was made of stone //SecSbU

store,

|[be] in store //SecSbU

storm,

|a bad snow storm

|took the audience by storm //SecU(idiom)

suit (C except idioms)

|follow suit //SecU(idiom)

|file/bring suit against //SecU(idiom)

system,

|because system was lacking //SecSbU

tag,

|a price tag //SbC

|Children play tag. //SecSbU

|play tag

task,

|He was taken to task in an unfair way. //SecSbU

text,

|You can let text flow around an image in a document. //SecSbU

tour,

|be on tour //SecU(idiom)

town,

|on the southwest pat of town //SecSbU

top, trifle

tune,

|in tune //SecU(idiom)

|out of tune //SecU(idiom)

type,

|in italic type //SecSbU

vacation,

|on vacation //SecU(idiom)

|to schedule a vacation //SbC

|take a vacation

8.4C SbC_SecV, SbC_SecC_SecV

accent, area,

ballot,

|be elected by ballot //SecSbV

base, barbecue, breast,

capital (S_U in SecSbV)

|Tokyo is the capital of Japan. //SbC

|Capital is a means of production. //SecSbV

|a capital of $300,000 //SecSbV

cereal, cleavage, cloth, commission,

current,

|alternating current and direct current //SecV

drill,

|exercises for drill

extract,

faculty,

|how faculty improve their teaching //SecSbV

faculty,

|the faculties of the child

filling, format,

|Converting files from WordPerfect 6.0 format to Word 2000 format //SecSbV

grain,

heaven, hour,

|rush hour //SecV

|the rush hour //SecV

kidney,

liver, load,

|with full load //SecV

man, mandate,

|have a mandate to form a government

mass (V in physics)

|the masses

meter,

mix, mood,

8.4D SbC_SecU_SecV, SbC_SecC_SecU_SecV

case¹,

|in the case where . . . //SbC

|in case [of] //SecU(idiom)

|German nouns have case, number, and gender. //SecSbV

character,

|her character //SbC

|He is a character. //SecSbC

|They showed us character. //SecSbU

|a man of solid character //SecSbU

day,

|in the old days

|is graduation day

|Last Monday was pay day.

deposit,

|federally insured deposits //SbC

|place a deposit //SbC

|on deposit //SecU(idiom)

|certificates of deposit //SecU

drama,

|Drama is a form of literature. //SecSbU

film,

|a thin film //SbC

|on photographic film //SecSbV

|the new Fuji films //SecSbV

|a film made by Kurosawa //SecSbC

gloss,

ground,

|on the ground //SbC(the+S)

|a breeding ground for malaria //SecSbC

|the current flowing through these grounds //SecSbC

|below/above ground //SecSbU

|lose/gain/give ground //SecSbU

|on the grounds of //SecSbV

|scientific ground //SecSbV

|to find common ground between the two parties //SecSbV

hell,

proportion

|a large proportion of the students //SbC

|out of proportion [to] //SecSbU

|in proportion to //SecSbV

sense

|the five senses //SbC

8.5 DsV nouns

8.5A DsV, DsV_SecV

abnormality,

|had offspring with abnormalities of the spinal cord and brain

abstention, absurdity,

abundance (U_S)

|be found in abundance

acceleration, acquittal,

|An acquittal formally certifies the innocence of the accused.

|Thousands of outraged Koreans daily protested acquittal of US soldiers in the deaths of two Korean schoolgirls.

accuracy (U_S, usu.U),

|with an accuracy of 5%

addiction, admonishment,

|ethic admonishments

|The House Ethics Committee has issued admonishments to Majority Leader Tom DeLay over his conducts.

adoption, adjustment,

|make a few adjustments

|adjustments to income

adversity,

affectation, affection, affirmation, affliction,

aggression (U_P, usu.U),

agitation (U_S, usu.U),

agony,

|in an agony of

|hear a cry of agony

allegiance (U_S, usu.U),

|to pledge allegiance

altercation,

ambiguity, amortization

anger (U_S, usu.U)

|felt a surge of anger

anguish (U_S, usu.U),

animosity (U_P)

antagonism (U_P)

|put him into antagonism with all the world

appetite,

|a lively appetite for

appraisal,

|For free appraisal call 7184464860.

appropriation, ardor (U_P),

arrest,

|You are under arrest.

arrogance (U_S, usu.U),

assassination,

assault,

|Five fans were charged with assault and battery.

awareness (U_S, usu.U),

|an awareness of the importance of mathematics

awkwardness (U_S, usu.U),

aversion,

|have an aversion to st

backup/back-up, bankruptcy, baptism, bashing,

betrayal, bias, birch,

blasphemy, bleach, bluff²,

bombardment, bombing,

|three bombings

brutality, breakdown,

|is creeping closer to breakdown

|It is not just a slump but a breakdown.

briskness (U_S, usu.U),

burglary, burial,

calm, caprice

catastrophe, caution,

|to urge caution

chat, civility, clarification, clearance,

coincidence,

|It's just coincidence.

collapse (usu.U)

|a sudden collapse of confidence

collision,

|a rear-end collision

combat, commotion (U_S)

|cause a commotion

|heard commotion

complacency (U_S, usu.U), composure (U_S, usu.U),

concussion, condemnation,

conflict,

confirmation, configuration, confiscation,

confrontation,

|in order to avoid such confrontations in the future

confusion, consciousness,

|a consciousness of imminent danger

consensus,

|There is a consensus in our society that S.

consumption (usu.U),

contempt (U_S, usu.U)

|show utter contempt for the United Nations

contingency, contradiction,

controversy,

conversation,

|conversations with

|a tape-recorded conversation between A and B

conversion, countdown (S_U),

counterrevolution, courage (U_S, usu.U)

|displayed a noble courage

|He showed a courage that was much admired.

crisis,

|created a crisis

|sink deeper into economic crisis

crucifixion,

deadlock, death,

|reduce the deaths from car accidents

|an impending death

debate, declaration, decline, decrease,

defeat,

|He conceded defeat in his bid for reelection.

deficiency,

|ignore these deficiencies

delay,

|without delay, with less delay

deliberation, delicateness (U_S. usu.U)

demise (usu.U),

denial, denunciation,

departure, deportation,

depreciation, depredation,

derision (U_S, usu.U),

desertion, despair (U_S, usu.U),

deterioration (U_S), determination,

|with a clenched-jaw determination to avoid that trap

detestation (U_S, usu.U), devaluation,

dialogue,

|called for dialogue among ..

dignity (U_S, usu.U)

disappearance, discharge,

|received an honorable discharge from the U.S. Army

discontent (usu.U), discord (usu.U), discount (usu.C)

|at a discount of 25 percent

discrepancy, discussion,

|Debate and discussion on what reforms should be taken.

disdain, disguise, disgust(U_S, usu.U),

dislike, dislocation,

disparity,

|racial disparity

disproportion, dispute, disquiet (U_S, usu.U),

disregard (U_S), disruption,

*face severe disruption

dissatisfaction, dissension (U_P)

|dissension[s] in the party

disservice (S_U),

distaste (U_S)

|a distaste for something

distortion,

distrust (U_S),

diversity, divorce,

|get a divorce

doing,

dread (U_S, usu.U),

|be held in dread

drowning,

eagerness (U_S, usu.U), ecstasy,

embargo, emigration,

|a mass emigration

emission,

|green gas emissions, radioactive emissions

emphasis,

|with great emphasis on her words

|a growing emphasis on education

encouragement,

|give great encouragement to

endeavor, enthusiasm (U_S, usu.U), envy (U_S, usu.U),

eruption,

evacuation, evasion,

|a clear-cut case of tax evasion

evaluation,

excess, expectancy

|life expectancy

|an eager expectancy

expectation (oft.P)

|fall sort of expectations

|one of the expectations

|beyond expectations

|in expectation of someone's arrival

expansion(U_S),

|gradual expansion of the content

exploration,

expression,

|a glum expression on his face

exuberance (U_S, usu,U)

fear,

|calm any fears

|a silly fear

ferment,

|set the town in a ferment

fervor (U_S),

|nationalist fervor among army generals

|an intellectual fervor

flow,

|cash flow

fortitude (U_S, usu.U)

|He stood the pain with great fortitude.

|with a stoic fortitude

frenzy, frustration,

fulfillment, fusion, fuss(U_S),

|Don't make a fuss over me.

guilt (U_S, usu.U)

happiness (U_S, usu.U), hardness (usu.U)

hatred (U_S, usu.U)

heartbreak, helplessness (usu.U), hesitation,

humility (U_S, usu.U),

imagination, imitation,

|with a comical imitation of her sister's manner

immigration, impatience (U_S, usu.U), imprudence,

inauguration, inability (U_S), incarceration, increase,

indifference (U_S, usu.U),

|to show deliberate indifference to

indignity,

inequality, infraction,

|infraction of the sanity code

infidelity, infringement,

inhumanity, injection, injury

|with minor injury

injustice,

innocence (U_S), inoculation, inspection,

|truck inspections

intensity, interception, interrogation, intervention (oft.U),

|The government abandoned market intervention.

intrusion,

invasion, investigation,

|use communications records in investigations

jealousy (U_P, usu.S), justification,

kidnapping, kindness,

|an accidental kindness

lack (S_U),

|I detected a lack of living substance.

languor,

|fall into languor

|fall into languors

larceny,

|found guilty of larceny

lift-off, likeness, limbo,

longing,

lust,

malpractice,

|medical malpractices

massage, mastery (U_S, usu.U)

|a better mastery of skills

melancholy (U_S, usu.U), mention (C_U), merger,

migration (oft.P),

misconception, misgiving, misjudgment,

modesty (U_S, usu.U), mutiny, murder,

|be accused of first degree murder

musing,

negotiation,

|closed-door negotiations with the Justice Department

notification, obligation,

|has an obligation to Vrb

|with no sense of obligation

obsession,

|It was not love. It was an obsession.

offering,

|in an initial stock offering

oscillation, oversight,

|If it's an oversight, I understand.

obsession, oppression (usu.U)

|an oppression of the brain and heart

panic,

peevishness,

perfidy, persecution (U_P),

poisoning, postponement,

precaution (usu.C)

|as a precaution

|Just an added precaution.

predominance (U_S, usu.U), preeminence (U_S, usu.U),

pregnancy, pretense,

privation (U_P),

profanity,

proliferation, propriety (U or the+P), provocation,

purity (U_S, usu.U),

rage (U_S)

|She flew into a rage.

rancor (U_S, usu.U), ranting,

rapture (U_P), rationalization,

|a philosophical rationalization of his pagan ideal of honor

reaffirmation,

|gave a strong reaffirmation of solidarity with the West against Iraq

reappraisal, reassessment, reassignment,

rebellion, recrimination (usu.P in C),

|all recriminations will come too late

recurrence,

|prevent a recurrence

recession, recitation,

recognition (U_S, usu.U), recollection,

reconciliation (U_S), recreation,

|be played for fun and recreation

redemption, reform,

|political reform

|to debate economic reforms

refusal, refutation, regret (U_P)

|felt regret

|sent their regrets

|He expressed no regrets.

regularity (usu.U), rehearsal,

reimbursement, rejection,

relapse, reliance,

renewal, renovation, renunciation,

repair (U_P)

|Single-lever faucets require repair less frequently.

|the actual cost of the repairs //DsV

repeal, repose, reprisal,

rescue, research (U_P)

|do research //DsV

|all my researches on the subject

resemblance,

|a resemblance between the two brothers

resentment, resilience (U_S),

resolve, response

|a proportionate response to an imminent threat

|in response to //DsV

restructuring, resumption (S_U)

|a resumption of the political dialogue

retirement, revenge,

revolt,

|be in passionate revolt against authority

revulsion,

|to feel a revulsion from st

rivalry, robbery,

|take part in a gunpoint robbery

|He pled guilty last month to attempted robbery in the second degree before Queens Supreme Court Justice Richard Buchter.

sale,

|the contract on sale for the car

|a slump in the sale of cars

|for sale //DsV

|on sale //DsV

|relied on sales to the United States

sarcasm (U_S, usu.U), satisfaction (usu.U)

|begin to feel a certain satisfaction

scorn (U_S, usu.U)

|with scorn

sensibility (oft.P), sensitiveness (U_S, usu.U), sensitivity (usu.U),

severity (U_S, usu.U),

shortage,

|a shortage of judges

siege,

|under siege //DsV

|after a siege of three months

significance, simulation, sincerity (U_S, usu.U),

slumber,

softness (usu.U)

|something of an old softness of nature

solicitation, sparkle, speculation,

|our initial speculations

stalemate,

|His country was paralyzed by political stalemate.

stillness, strain,

suffering (U_P)

|had no regard for her sufferings

surmise, survival,

sympathy (U_P, usu.U)

|was in sympathy with their aims

temptation,

tenderness (U_S, usu.U),

terror, testimony,

|provide/give perjurious, false, and injurious testimony,

|in Congressional testimony this month

theft,

|acquit him of the charge of theft

therapy, thickness, tort, torture (U_S, usu.U),

training, transfusion, transgression,

transition,

|prospects for a steady economic transition

transplant,

travel (U_P), trespass, trouble,

|You are in trouble.

turmoil,

|political turmoil in Indonesia

uneasiness (U_S, usu.U), unhappiness (U_S, usu.U),

upheaval,

|recent political and social upheaval in the country

uproar,

vanity (U_P),

vibration, victory,

|is going to march to victory

|a hollow victory

|won a narrow victory

violation,

|human rights violation

|a flagrant violation of the law

vitality (U_S, usu.U),

vivacity (U_S, usu.U), vividness (U_S, usu.U),

|an acute vividness

warmth (U_S, usu.U)

warning,

|a severe thunderstorm warning

|after unheeded warnings to Russia

whim,

|She had strange whims of fasting.

womanliness (U_S, usu.U),

zeal (U_S,usu.U),

|with genuine zeal

|inspired by a mistaken patriotic zeal

8.5B DsV_SecU, DsV_SecV_SecU

abuse,

|heroin abuse |drug abuse //DsV

|human rights abuses //DsV

|child abuse //SecDsU

anxiety (U_P in DsV)), birth,

|at birth //DsV

condensation, conviction,

|Some defendants and their lawyers said that a conviction now was highly unlikely. //SecSbV

correspondence,

criticism,

|has come under frequent criticism //DsV

|growing criticisms //DsV

doubt,

|cast serious doubt on /DSV,

|cast serious doubts //DSV,

|cast a doubt //DSV

|A criminal defendant has not been proved guilty beyond a reasonable doubt //DsV

|I am in doubt. //DsV

|I have my doubts about him. //DsV

|There is no doubt about that. //SecSbU

|without a doubt

|with some doubt

education (U_S)

|have a medical education

|a normal part of a university education

judgment,

|We made a mistake in judgment.

liberty,

|civil liberty, civil liberties //DsV

|a complete liberty of spirit //DsV

|I am not at liberty to discuss that matter. //SecU(idiom)

maneuver,

penance, preference,

recovery,

|recovery from alcohol addiction

suicide (SecU in fig.)

|to commit suicide

|The dead man was a suicide.

8.5C DsV_SecC, DsV_SecV_SecC

accusation,

|an accusation of cheating in the world Championships //DsV

acquaintance,

|She had a far more acquaintance with classic literature than most of her fellow students. //DsV

affinity,

alliance (usu.S), alteration,

|make some alterations //SecSbC

ambition,

|their ambitions of cruelty and murder

analysis, annexation, antipathy,

appointment, arrival,

|an arrival at the office at half-past ten //DsV

|arrivals at US ports from Europe //DsV

aspiration,

|their aspirations for membership //DsV

|their aspirations to live in freedom //DsV

attack,

|came under attack //DsV

|renew its attacks against Serbian forces //DsV

|an attack on a foreigner //DsV

|terror attack on US soil //DsV

|had an attack of hiccups //SecDsC

|detect biological attack //DsV

balance (S_U),

|make a balance //DsV

|off balance //DsV

|You have not paid a small balance. //SecSbC

|pay a balance of $16 //SecSbC

battle,

|When soldiers are killed in battle,

belief,

|beyond belief //DsV

|according to a popular belief //DsV

bitterness,

|There was a bitterness in his voice. //DsV

charm,

|has irresistible charm

circulation, closure,

commencement, comment,

|She was not available for comment.

commitment,

|make no commitments //DsV

conceit, conception, concern,

|express concern //DsV

|There is growing concern about ... //DsV

|reflected a concern in the Government that .. //DsV

|Japanese brokerage concerns //SecSbC

confession,

|how forced confessions are obtained

conquest (S or U in DsV)

|the Norman conquest of Britain //DsV

conspiracy,

|stopped terrorist conspiracies

consultation,

|after two days of consultations

continuation, contract (usu.C)

|a breach of contract

contrivance,

curiosity,

|Cats possess a great curiosity.

|find all sorts of curiosities

default,

|a huge default on loans owed by ..

delivery,

|make all deliveries of good from //DsV

|expect delivery //DsV

demonstration,

departure, dependency, depression,

desire,

|expressed a desire to work with her. //DsV

deviation, devotion (U_S & usu.U in DsV. P in SecC)

discipline, display,

|on display //DsV

|on a display (= a display device) //SecSbC

drift,

effort,

|without conscious effort //DsV

|in an effort to keep out of the cold //DsV

|make an effort

elevation, enthusiasm, escape, evasion

exemption, explosion,

|a series of explosions //DsV

exposition,

faith (U_S (usu.U) in DsV)

|in good faith //DsV

|have faith in God //DsV

|I have a faith. //DsB

|different faiths

|lose faith

fraud,

|The owner of the store admitted to fraud.

|the possibility of fraud //DsV

|This war is a fraud. //DsV

|Financial frauds and scams were revealed. //SecSbC

fright (U_S)

|with fright

gesture,

|a very positive gesture

glee, gossip, grief,

|The extent of grief is overwhelming. //DsV

|The greatest griefs are those we cause ourselves. //SecSbC

hallucination, hate (U_S (usu.U) in DsV),

hope (U_S (usu.U) in DsV),

|New vaccine trials bring hope of cure for diabetes. //DsV

|Hope just now was strong within him, a hope defined and pointing

to an end attainable. //DsV, DsV

|High hopes of change linger. //SecSbC

humbug, hurt,

improvement,

|make improvement //DsV

|make some improvements //DsV

|a great improvement on his work //DsV

improvisation, inclination,

|He followed his inclinations. //SecSbV

infusion, innovation, installation, insult,

interpretation, interruption,

|to continue the work with brief interruptions until five

intimacy,

inversion,

irritation,

joy (U_S (usu.U) in DsV)

landing,

|It was a soft landing. //DsV

launch, lead¹

love (U_S (usu.U) in DsV)

marriage, measurement,

|make measurements of //DsV

meditation (U_P), membership,

nationality, nomination,

|pick on a nomination //SecSbC

observation,

|make observations of //SecV

occurrence,

offense,

|short-term obligations //SecC

pain,

|It stops sinus pain. //DsV

|She took great pains to work hard. //SecV(idiom)

|He is a pain in the neck. //SecSbC

parting, passion,

|passion for music //DsV

patrol,

|on patrol //DsV

|his transfer from a helicopter division to street patrol //DsV

payment,

|late payment //DsV

|make a payment //DsV

|a payment of $120 //SecSbC

pity (U_S and usu.U in DSV, a+S in SecDsC),

|It's a pity that he lost so much money on the stock market. //SecSbC

possibility,

|to sort through various possibilities

procedure,

|procedures for dealing with the problem

promotion,

prosecution, prospect,

|the company's long range prospects

protest,

|regardless of protest

purchase,

|told our customers not to make any purchases //DsV

|make a purchase from //DsV

|the date of purchase //DsV

rating,

|student rating of teachinbg effectiveness //DsV

|A rating is an evaluation. /DsV

reading, recommendation,

|make a recommendation //DsV

|a letter of recommendation for Jim Taylor //DsV

reference,

|for few reference

|a frame of reference within which ...

|a letter requesting a reference for Jane Benson

reinforcement, release,

|a release of radioactivity

repetition, reservation,

|Here are your reservations. //SecSbC

resistance, rest, restoration,

retreat, reunion,

revelation, reverie (C_U, usu.C),

|in a deep reverie

|in deep reverie

review,

|good review of the situation //DsV

|write reviews of new books //SecSbC

revision,

|make a revision //DsV

revival,

revolution,

risk,

|entail too much risk to //DsV

|at risk //DsV

|run the risk [of] //DsV

|take a risk [of]

|health risks //SecSbC

sacrifice, sadness (U_S in DsV)

scatter,

|the angle of scatter //DsV

scrutiny (usu.U)

|leaned over for a nearer scrutiny

sensation (usu.C)

|to experience a new sensation of freedom //DsV

|The show was a sensation for weeks. //SecSbC

service,

|phone service //DsV

|goods and services //SecSbC

shame (U_S in DsV, a+S in SecDsC)

|felt shame at doing ... //DsV

|it's a shame. //SecDsC

shipwreck, shock,

|come almost as a shock

|a shock to us

|received a shock from a electric wire

silence,

|a moment of silence //DsV

|a long silence //SecSbC

similarity (U_S in DsV, usu.P in SecSbC)

|There were similarities in their suits. //SecSbC

simulation, sin,

standby,

|on standby //SecDsU

study (U_P in DsV)

|to conduct a study on hedge funds //SecDsC

|Our elaborate series of studies in mice was done at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Dallas by .....

sorrow (U_S (usu.U) in DsV, oft.P in SecC),

|It is quite a sorrow to him that ... //DsV

|the joys and sorrows of Internet dating //SecC

surrender (S_U)

|A white flag is the sign of surrender.

suspicion (S in SecC (a very small amount))

|The discrepancy between these casualty figures fuelled suspicion that the administration may be hiding the true human cost of the war. //DsV

|to corroborate her suspicions //DsV

takeoff,

|after takeoff //DsV

threat,

|to pose a great threat to the environment //DsV

|threats of further charges //SecDsV

|to meet new threats //DsV

tide,

|at low/high tide //DsV

transfer,

|file transfers

trial,

|to face criminal trial //SecSbV

|one of the officers on trial //SecSbV

turmoil (U_S)

|political turmoil //SecDsV

union,

variation,

view,

|You will have a better view from here. //DsV

|In view of recent events, I have to cancel my trip. //DsV

|from every point of view //DsV

|The view from this window //SecSbC

|All of these side views are not necessary. //SecSbC

|He had strong views against abortion. //SecSbC

watch,

|keep watch for //DsV

|be under watch //DsV

8.5D DsV_SecU_SecC, DsV_SecV_SecU_SecC

acceptance,

|the notice of acceptance to //DsV

application,

change,

|There is a natural resistance to change in everyone. //DsV

|make a change //DsV

|a change in temperature //DsV

|May I have change for 10 dollars? //SecSbU

|Three changes of clothes. //SecSbC

|a change of his job //SecDsC

descent,

entrance, entry,

|to gain entry //DsV

exchange,

|in exchange for //DsV

|on the stock exchange //SecC

|on foreign exchange //SecU

gain,

|capital gains and losses //SecSbC

|to double signal gain //SecSbV

interest (U_S in DsV. SecV for an object or cause of one's curiosity. usu.P in SecC for the sense of an advantage, as national, interests. SecU for money you get from a bank if you keep your savings in the bank.)

|show/lose interest in //DsV

|take an interest in //DsV

|She looked at him with interest. //DsV

|Our national interests heavily rely on a stable supply of oil. //SecSbC

loss,

|be at a loss //DsV

|hair loss //DsV

|a loss of purchasing power //DsV

|Wall Street recovered part of Monday's big losses. //SecSbC

|a sense of loss //DsV

movement,

|the sun's movement across the sky //DsV

|make mouse movements //DsV

|a political movement //SecSbC

|This novel is full of dramatic movement. //SecSbU

performance,

|pupil performance on nationally standardized tests //DsV

|his performances in high school //DsV

|give an afternoon performance //SecSbC

|be designed for efficient performance //DsV

rape

reaction,

|provoke strong emotional reactions //DsV

|a chemical reaction //SecDsC

|the forces of reaction //SecU

regard (U_S (usu.U) in DsV),

|Please give her my best regards. //SecSbC

|a better regard for safety

relief,

|a sigh of relief //DsV

|bring a tremendous relief //DsV

|pain relief //SecSbU

|a morble relief //SecSbC

respect (P for greeting),

|respect for the rights of others //DsV

|a resect for a lerning //DsV

|Please give her my respects.

rotation,

talk,

|made small talk about the weather

|There has been a lot of talk about that. //DsV

|I would like to have a talk with you. //DsV

|It is time to have talk.

|The talks collapsed.

|to hold peace talks //SecSbC

|Talk is gossip. //SecSbU

thirst,

transfer,

use (S_U in DsV)

|a use of force //DsV

|to make use of something //DsV

|Cities issue municipal bonds for a variety of uses. //SecSbC

|is of limiteduse //SecSbU

valuation,

waste (S_U, in DsV),

|a waste of money //DsV

|human wastes, chemical wastes //SecSbV

|human waste //SecSbV

8.6 SbV nouns

8.6A SbV, SbV_SecV

ability,

accompaniment (usu.C), acid,

adhesive, afternoon,

ale, alloy, almond, altitude,

anathema (S_U), anesthetic,

anticlimax, antiseptic,

apparatus, aptitude, artifice,

ash¹ (U_P), aspen, autumn,

bamboo, banana, bark, bass¹,

batter, beard (usu.C)

|a bristly beard

beer, beet,

blossom, bog,

breadth, breakfast,

|coffee-shop breakfast

brine, bristle, broth, brunch,

butter,

camp,

|Over the years, this boys has been to sailing camp, soccer camp, and art camp.

candy, carbohydrate (usu.P),

cargo,

|a theft of cargo

|a cargo of oranges

carp,

catechism, category, catfish, cauliflower,

champagne, cheese,

childhood, chili, chloride, chowder,

Christmas, cider,

clove¹, clover, clubs, clutter,

coffee, coin (usu.C), color, comedy,

compost,

copyright, cord, cork, cost,

crime, cucumber, culture,

|a crash of cultures

curry, custard,

data (P or U, SecU is ordinarily used)

demeanor (U_S), density,

desert, dessert,

detail, detergent,

din (U_S), dinner,

disaster,

|Our farms will go from a crisis to disaster.

disease,

|mad-cow disease

disposition usu.C),

dogma, dowry,

drink, drizzle (U_S), drapery,

|artificial protrusions of drapery

drought, duty,

|off duty

|parish duties

|We have a solemn duty to achieve our goal.

dye,

earth (the+S or U),

|around the earth

|on earth

effect,

|take effect

|for effect

emergency,

|Pull it only when an emergency exists.

|in an emergency

|the state of emergency

emotion,

|He controlled his emotions.

|with profound emotion

energy,

expense (U_P)

|operating expenses

experiment, explosive, evening,

famine, fantasy,

|fantasies of megalomania

fertilizer,

|chemical fertilizer

|an effective balance fertilizer

fiasco (usu.C), finish, fir, fit,

|The comfort of fit is exceptional.

flour, fluid,

|cleaning fluids

food,

|the wrong foods

fragrance (usu.C), frequency,

Friday,

gel, gelatin, gender,

gin, glaze, glue,

granite, grapefruit, graphics (U_P),

grievance (usu.C), gut,

hair, hardship, heritage,

|[be] of Jewish heritage

hi-fi, hush,

ice cream, incantation, incentive,

|artificial incentives

incidence, income,

|clergymen with incomes as small as his

|receive dividend income

|possess an ample income

inflammation,

|inflammation caused by scratching a mosquito bite

ink, innuendo,

input, insecticide, insight,

|to gain enough insight to be able to discern what is the right course of action

intent, intention,

|with good intentions

|without caustic intention

intermission, intonation, intuition,

invective (U_P), inventory, ivy,

jail,

|go to jail

jelly, jest (usu.C)

//in jest

lacquer,

lap (usu.C),

|sat on his mother's lap

|with hands on lap

laurel, lava,

|The volcano erupted spewing ash and lava.

lawn, leek,

lemonade, lettuce,

level,

|on the national level, at all income levels

|above/below sea level, at eye level

|The delegation is very high level.

|at Cabinet level, at the foreign minister level

|at national level, at local level

|at international level, at the international level

lichen, likelihood,

linen, liquid, liquor, livelihood,

longitude, lotion, lunch, luncheon,

luster (U_S),

magnitude,

|magnitude of punishment

mailing,

|receive such mailings

make, marsh,

meat, medication, mesh, metabolism, metal,

|scrap metal

metamorphosis, metaphor, mist, moor, myth,

|the world of myth and superstition

meadow (usu.C),

|stretches of meadow

mess (S_U),

mind,

|to link minds and information

|You are out of mind.

|He was too ruthless of mind to verb

|the minds of most people

mischance,

mode, mold², Monday, morning,

|in the morning

|on the Monday morning

moss, mushroom,

nectar, night,

|on Friday night

noise,

|make a noise

ocean (oft. the+S), odor,

|a strong odor of sulphur

|odors from strong bacon and boiling coffee

onion, opportunity,

|equal opportunity

|an opportunity to innovate

|There's good opportunity for advancement.

output,

|Industrial output fell by about 10 percent

oxide,

parody, paste, pasture,

pension (usu.C),

|persons who depend on social security and pensions

personality,

|He has a pleasant personality.

perfume, pesticide,

piano (oft. the+S), pie, pizza,

plague,

|a plague of nature

poison, pollen, potato,

|a baked potato

prairie, precision (C for a technical term),

prejudice,

|vulgar prejudice

|no prejudices

preservative, pressure,

|atmospheric pressure

|a pressure of about 1 N/cm²

|under extreme pressure by the Government

|market pressures

prey,

price,

|to retain its power over price

probability, pronunciation, protein,

race²

|discrimination based on race or sex

raiment (U_P)

rank,

|advancement through higher rank

ransom, relation (usu.C),

|I did not have sexual relations with that woman.

relationship (usu.C),

|build a close relationship

rent, reputation,

|He gained a reputation as an unpredictable individualist.

|Our products have a nation-wide reputation for high quality at reasonable cost.

|a man of great reputation

repute (U_S),

resin, resonance, respite (S_U),

|after a respite

result,

|produced little result

revenue,

|First-quarter revenue fell 4.7 percent.

|More jobs mean more revenues to our government

rice,

rubber, rum, rumor,

|a rumor that CLS

salad, salary, salve,

sapphire, sauce, sausage,

scripture (oft.Cap)

schedule,

sea (oft. the+),

|The vessel was lost at sea.

seafood(U_P),

sediment,

|became clogged with sediment

shampoo, sky,

|Partly sunny skies are expected.

skill,

|with skill

|have immeasurable skill in

sod, soda, sound,

|How fast does sound travel?

soup,

smog,

|Spring has come.

status, steak, stew, stress,

|work under stress

stuffing,

subsidy, summer, sunburn,

superstition,

|Religion took the place of superstition.

|superstitions about death

supper, Sunday,

surplus, syrup,

stitch, stimulus (P is stimuli),

(usu.C but U for a particular pattern of stitches, a+S, for a sharp pain)

sun (usus. the+), supper, surplus,

swamp, swelling,

talent,

|enough musical talent

tax,

|higher property taxes

|How much do you pay in real estate tax?

|My [residential] real estate taxes have doubled.

tea, technique,

|to emphasize technique

technology, temper

|in these bad tempers

|Her rigid sense of duty checked outbursts of temper.

temperature,

|temperatures over next five days

terrain, Thursday, tissue,

|human tissue

|in the tissues of the body

today (U_P), tomorrow (U_P), tone,

|a pleasant tone of voice

|in very practical tones

tradition,

|important cultural traditions

tragedy,

Tuesday, tuition (U_P, usu.U)

university,

8.6B SbV_SecU, SbV_SecV_SecU

alcohol, amplitude, apricot, ash², attitude,

|teenagers' attitudes toward mathematics //SbV

|Blue-color attitude is still in Pittsburgh. //SbV

bait, balm, beech, bread,

chocolate, cod, cotton, currency,

|foreign currency //SbV

|the Australian currency //SbV

|any of 75 different foreign currencies //SbV

|a single European currency //SbV

|Rap has gained currency among African-Americans.

//SecDsU

distance,

|He kept at a distance.

dough,

ebony, elm,

fat, fuel,

|add fuel to the fire //SecU

gas,

hazel, hemlock, herring,

identity,

lavender, literature, lobster,

mackerel, mannerism,

|his affected mannerisms //SbV

meaning,

pine, plastic, powder,

reason,

|one of the reasons I do not like that is. //SbV

|supply reasons for the solutions //SbV

|had good reason to regard him as a snob //SbV

|had reason to kill him //SbV

scandal

|be embroiled in financial scandal //SbV

skin,

|have a dark skin

soil (usu.U)

8.6C SbV_SecC, SbV_SecV_SecC

allergy, allowance,

benefit (oft.P)

|human health benefits //SbV

|will be of benefit in persuading our friends to help us with our project //SbV

|to provide social security benefits //SecSbC

brick,

cabbage, cable, cake, cancer, capacity,

carpet, carrot, ceramic,

cloud,

|not a cloud in the sky

commentary, compass (U_S in SbV)

convention,

|a natural foe to social conventions //SbV

|well-established literary convention //SbV

coral,

degree, diamond diet,

|Adequate diet is necessary for good health. //SbV

|It is important to plan a good diet. //SbV

|information about good diets and eating habits/ //SbV

|Treatment includes careful control of the diet./ //SbV

|He is on a diet to lose weight. //SecC

dressing,

east (the+ in SecSbC), environment,

|to influence our environment

fabric, facility (U_S in SbV, P in SecC),

feed,

|animal feed //SbV

fever, flame,

|Half the room was in flames.

flavor, flood,

|a flood of people //SecSbC

fog, force,

|to use excessive force //SbV

|as the global crisis hits the United States with greater force

forest,

fruit, fur, future (P in SecC)

|had a bright future //SecSbV

|stock index futures //SecSbP

genius, gum,

ham, haze (S in Sec),

|a haze of smoke //SecC

|in a haze //SecC(idiom)

illusion, impulse,

|have an impulse to go //SbV

|give away to impulse //SbV

influence,

|The bank wields strong influence over the company. //SbV

|The President's wife has a considerable influence on his decision. //SbV

|Everything depends on influences we cannot foresee. //SbV

instinct, interview,

jam,

|in a jam //SecSbC

juice (P in SecC), jungle,

|a border of tropical jungle //SbV

|in the dark green jungles //SbV

landscape, leather, lining, livery,

lodging (U_P in SbV, P in C),

oil, origin (C except of/in + U. usu.P in SecC)

|a word of Latin origin //SbV

|in origin

paint, part, pickle, placement,

policy,

|The Fed sets interest rate policy. //SbV

|take out an insurance policy //SecSbC

posture, profit,

|first quarter profit //SbV

proof,

|correct the proofs //SecSbC

quality,

|academic quality //SbV

|Your products are of high quality. //SbV

quantity,

|a small quantity of wine

rag, rain (U_S in V)

|we have some rain in the area.

reach,

|out of reach //SbV

routine

|official routine //SbV

schedule,

|be on schedule //SbV

|a bus schedule //SecSbC

sequence,

|in sequence, in orderly and logical sequence

shadow,

|A great ash tree made shadows for cows. //SbV

|in shadow |in the shadows //SbV

snow (usu.U)

|A light snow was falling. //SbV

soap, spirit,

|in good spirits //SbV

|winning spirits //SbV

|takes the outcome in good spirit //SbV

|There is a new spirit to undo the past mistake. //SecSbC

|evil spirits //SecSbC

|the Japanese feudal spirit of the 18th century //SecSbC

sport (oft.P), steel, string, structure,

tape,

|video tapes //SecSbC

thread, time,

|standard time

|take time to spend with sb

|at a time

|in modern times, talk about old times

|economic hard times in the West

|have a good/hard time

tincture (S in SecC), uniform,

|in uniform //SbV

value,

|be taken at face value //SbV

|the cultural values of Greek society of the 5th and 4th century B.C. //SbV

8.6D SbV_SecU_SecC, SbV_SecV_SecU_SecC

age,

|middle age (a period in human life) //SecSbU

|the Middle Ages (a period in history) //SecSbC

|the ice age //SecSbC

chance,

|Not a chance (a possibility). //SbV

|There is little chance of our getting money. //SbV

|a chance of winning (a possibility) //SbV

|a chance to do something (an opportunity) //SecSbC

|by chance (accident) //SecSbU

crystal, custom,

debt,

|his load of debt //SbV

depth,

|convey a depth of feeling //SbV

fever,

gas,

hash, height,

latitude (P in SecC)

|allow them considerable latitude //SecDsU

|at forty degrees north latitude //SecSbV

|in high latitudes //SecSbC

lemon, length,

material,

|nuclear weapons materials

|reading materials //SecSbC

|reference and scholarly material //SecSbU

|material in this book //SecSbU

memory,

|He has a poor memory. //SbV

|memories of those happy days in my childhood //SecSbC

|I have not seen such a disaster before within memory. //SecSbU

|Memory in a computer stores letters, numbers, and special characters. //SecSbV

muscle,

|The heart is a muscle. //SbV

|He has muscle to do that. //SecSbU

need (S_U in SbV, P in SecC)

|People are in need of money. //SbV

|I have a need to go there. //SbV

|There is a great need for an AIDS vaccine. //SbV

|the needs of some of our most vulnerable citizens

order,

|law and order //SecSbU

|to place an order, to fill orders //SecSbC

|impose a conceptual order on objects and ideologies //SbV

|a humane order of society //SecSbC

romance,

|seek romance //SbV

|an unknown romance //SbV

shape,

|out of shape //SbV

|take shape //SecU(idiom)

sight,

|Rioters looted everything in sight. //SbV (things seen)

|The police shot rioters on sight. //SecDsV (Action of seeing)

|in the first sight

|within sight and hearing //SecSbU

size,

|to grow in size //SbV

space,

|She stands in an open space like a tree //SbV

spray,

territory, theory,

understanding,

|need mutual understanding //SecDsU

|have a better understanding of the basic concepts of mathematics //SbV

|We had a tacit understanding on that matter //SecSbC

voice,

|Voice is an essential aspect of human behavior. //sbV

|a middle‑aging person with a squeaky voice //SbV

|said she, in a low voice.

weight,

|He felt a great weight on his shoulders. //SecC

CHAPTER 9 NOUNS CLASSIFIED BY SUFFIX AND PRIMARY COUNTABILITY

In this chapter, nouns are classified by suffix and primary countability. For example, damage, is a DsU_SecC noun, so that it is list in the group of U of -AGE.

9.1 Root nouns

Root nouns in the form of a verb

The infinitive forms of a lot of basic verbs are used as nouns in this class. Action is regarded as a definite unit, and so C, often in the a + S form.

call, buy, smile, laugh, walk, stroll, turn, blow, visit, lift, raise, buy, hit, run, turn, rise, fall, stoop, think, strike, rush, halt (S), pause, pose, stretch, sob, sing, wink, brush, kill, wash, try, kick, push, sigh, plunge, ramble, shrug, shove, rub,

audit, struggle, exploit, cut, cure, curse, curb, cross, split, splash, ovation, permit, flick, jump, leap, drip,

takeover, row (as a quarrel, oft. a+S), joke, prank, win, skirmish, brawl, troop, army, corps (sing [kor], pl corps [korz]), barrage, move, twitch, toss, show (S for the action of showing C, for a performance in show business), swoop, swipe, swirl, upset,

These words often follow common verbs of general meaning such as do, make, have, take, and give. E.g.,

|take a walk

|give you a ride/lift

|have a smile.

Some of the words are used in both C and P.

|That's a lie.

|to tell lies.

Following is used in the plural form only.

thanks,

Following are exceptions:

U: aid, care (usu.P in C in the sense of worry, U in the sense of attention, charge), harm, help, neglect, pay, play, pluck, ridicule, surprise, support, sway, chatter, capture, bluster, aim,

V: chat, fear, love, fear, protest

reply, rest, shock, talk,

|Take care.

|Who take care of her children?

|He doesn't have a care in the world.

Nouns in the form of the past participle of a verb

The following are in past participle form,

bent, drunk, shot, shots,

Nouns in the form of an adjective

C: high (usu.S), low (usu.S), sweet, secret,

fundamental (usu.P), basics (P),

essentials (usu.P)

the+: the poor, the rich, the dark

9.2 Nouns with suffixes

-A

C: vertebra (P is vertebras or vertebrae), veranda (P is verandas)

-ACY, -CY

U: accuracy, infancy, legitimacy, literacy,

C: legacy, idiosyncrasy,

-AGE

U: damage, orphanage, bondage,

C: percentage, savage, visage, voyage, bandage,

V: shortage, sausage,

-AL

U: removal,

C: manual, official, oval, principal, professional, recital,

reversal, serial, commercial,

V: arrival, denial, renewal, revival, survival,

-ALE

U: morale,

C: rationale,

-ANCE, -ENCE usu.U nouns

U: importance, admittance, assistance, guidance, defiance,

dominance, patience, permanence, pertinence, relevance,

remembrance, resemblance, dependence, competence,

incompetence, substance,

C: nuisance, appearance, grievance,

V: correspondence, performance, resistance, residence,

resemblance,

-ANT usu.C

C: infant, Protestant, warrant, consonant, descendant, defendant, constant,

-ARY usu.C

C: missionary, penitentiary, subsidiary, revolutionary,

-ATE

C: private, subordinate,

-CY

U: accuracy, flippancy, fluency,

V: emergency, efficiency,

-DOM

U: serfdom, wisdom,

C: kingdom,

-EE C

C: employee, payee, retiree

-EL, -LLE //little

C: kettle, kennel, kernel,

-ENCE (see -ANCE)

-ER usu.C

V: murder, surrender

-FARE

U: welfare, warfare,

C: thoroughfare,

-HOOD

C: neighborhood,

V: childhood, boyhood,

-IC

U: magic,

C: academic, characteristic, mimic, mosaic, republic,

-ICAL

C: periodical,

-ICS

U: mathematics,

C: the basics

V: graphics

-ILE

C: juvenile, reptile,

-ING

This class of nouns developed from present participles and usually has the label DsU. However, Verbs in -ing form can often be used as both U and C nouns.

|I like to help students by providing an increased understanding of words.

|It is important to promote mutual understanding between the two countries.

Some are C.

|Will you be able to attend the meetings?

U: funding, advertising, lending, living selling, buying, wording

C: finding, fittings, meeting, petition, uprising,

V: understanding, training (usu.U)

-ISM

Most, -ISM nouns are U.

U anarchism, altruism, atheism, Buddhism, capitalism, communism,

liberalism, narcissism, nationalism, optimism, pessimism,

racism, rationalism, skepticism, socialism,

C: mannerisms, organism,

-ITY

U: adaptability, anonymity, atrocity, authenticity, clarity,

flexibility, lucidity, magnanimity, rapidity, stability,

superiority, clarity, prosperity, rarity, rationality,

security,

C: formality, sorority, university,

V: authority, peculiarity, personality, scarcity, electricity,

similarity,

-IVE

C: initiative, negative, positive, superlative,

-MENT

U: achievement, disillusionment, employment, unemployment,

involvement,

C: advertisement, announcement, engagement, statement,

supplement,

V: adjustment, assignment, development, judgment,

-NESS

-Ness nouns are originally uncountable, but often switch to C nouns as particular instances of the same meanings. Therefore, they are often V nouns. For example,

|Consider the child's weaknesses.

U: fairness, firmness, wickedness, wistfulness,

C: wilderness,

V: happiness (usu.U, S with modifiers), bitterness, kindness,

thickness, weakness,

-OLOGY

U: biology,

V: technology,

-OR

U: rigor, vigor,

C: vendor,

-RY

This suffix means either place, where, or state, quality, act. ,

U: bravery, chivalry, discovery, drudgery, industry, machinery, slavery, stationery, weaponry, upholstery,

C: boundary, bakery, brewery, itinerary, monastery, nursery,

obituary, observatory, ovary, primary,

V: burglary, rivalry, robbery, chicanery,

frippery (U_P, P is fripperies), pastry, salary, tapestry,

-SHIP

U: craftsmanship, friendship, ownership, workmanship, worship,

scholarship, sportsmanship, sponsorship,

V: relationship, membership, hardship,

-TION, -ION

Nouns having these suffices are usually descriptive.

U: action, auction, addition, competition, compression,

construction, evolution, expansion, permission, subtraction,

sanction,

C: audition, conclusion, condition, impression, manifestation,

plantation, sanctions,

V: revolution, superstition,

-TUDE

U: gratitude

C: multitude,

V: attidude, magnitude, latitude, altitude

-TY

U: honesty, beauty,

C: guaranty, nicety, specialty,

V: liberty, property, similarity, warranty,

-UTE

C: substitute, statute

-URE

U: furniture, manufacture,

V: culture, departure, literature,

-Y -EE

CHAPTER 10 PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES CLASSIFIED BY A, 0, -S, AND THE

10.1 Prepositional phrases with 0,

Numerous prepositional phrases have no determiner in their nouns, though they are often post modified.

day after day, year after year, etc.

as a matter of course

[keep sb/st] at bay, at best, [ill] at ease, at fault,

at full tilt, at first, at gunpoint, near at hand,

at heart, at large, at last, at length, at random,

at rest, [be] at risk, at present, at stake,

at variance, at worst,

before long,

by accident, by air, by and large, by comparison, by contrast,

by heart, by mistake, by use of, by virtue of, by way of,

by dint of,

step by step,

once and for all, for comparison, for example,

for fear of, for instance, for sale,

for free [substandard], for good, for use of, for use with,

from memory, from scratch.

[be] in accord with, in accordance with, in addition [to],

in advance [of], in agreement with, in alliance [with/against],

in ambush, in anguish for, in answer to,

in bed, [be] in business,

in case [of], in charge of, in combination with, in change,

[be] in charge of, in common with, in charge, in check with,

in cold blood, in conformity with, in combination with,

in comparison with/to, in compensation for, in compliance with,

in conclusion, in consideration of, in contempt, in condition,

in consequence [of], in contrast [to], [be] in control,

in defiance of, [be] in doubt about, in danger of, in due course,

in ecstasy, in effect, in exchange (for),

in failure, in favor of, in fear of,

in front [of], in full, [be] in full swing,

in gear,

in hand, [go] hand in hand, in hindsight, in honor of,

in league with, in length,

in limbo, in line, in line with, in light of,

in like manner, in memory [of], in mood for,

in need of

in open battle, in operation, in order to, in order that

in person, [be] in place, in place of, in plain English, [be] in position to Vrb, in public, in process of,

in quest of, in question,

in reaction, in relation to, in response to, in retrospect,

in reward for, in reference to, in respect of/to, in return [for],

in search of, in series with in sight [of], in shape, in spite of, in stock, in store, in support of, in summary,

in time, in touch with, in tune, in turn,

in use,

in vain, in view of, in violation of,

into effect,

of age, of course, a matter of course, [be] of service to,

[catch/take someone] off guard,

on account of,

on behalf of, on caprice, on condition of, on condition [that],

on display, on close examination, [be] on edge, on file,

on foot,

on leave, on line,

on parole, on purpose [for],

on record, on request

on sale, on sight, [be/go] on strike,

on time, on tiptoe, on top of, on time, on tour,

on TV,

[be] on vacation,

out of gear, out of hand, out of order, be out of mind,

out of place, out of print, out of shape, out of sight,

out of step, out of stock, out of tune,

through street,

to date,

to order,

come to rest,

lay sb to rest,

to scale,

under fire, under oath, [get/be] under way,

with delight, with difficulty, with delay,

with ease,

with/in regard to, with respect to,

10.2 Prepositional phrases with a

after a while

as a matter of fact,

as a result,

as a whole,

at a time,

for a while,

in a hurry,

in a jam,

in a mood,

in a nutshell,

in a row,

in a way,

once in a while,

[all] of a sudden,

[be] on a collision course,

[be/go] on a diet,

10.3 Prepositional phrases with the

across the board,

at the beginning of,

at the bottom of,

at the end of,

at the mercy of,

at the moment,

at the top of,

against the grain,

around the clock,

behind the curtain

behind the wheel,

beside the point,

by the day, by the way,

down to the wire,

for the first time,

for the meantime,

for the time being,

in the beginning,

in the bottom of nine,

[be kept] in the dark,

in the end,

in the event of,

in the extreme,

in the first place,

in the light of,

in the meantime,

in the long/short run,

in the middle [of],

[be] in the mood [for],

in the nick of time

in the nude,

in the same boat,

[be/put] in the soup,

in the street,

in the way

come into the possession of,

off the hook, off the record [but on, record], off the schedule,

on the air, on the alert [for], on the contrary, on the go,

on the increase, on the level, [be] on the loose, on the mend,

on the one hand, on the other hand, on the phone, on the radio,

on the rise, on the run, on the spot, on the stand, on the street,

on the track of, on the say, on the verge of, on the whole,

out of the question,

out of the way,

over the hill,

to the contrary,

up in the air,

10.4 Prepositional phrases with -s

as regards,

at odds [with],

at loose ends,

behind bars,

by all means

by means of,

in other words,

in some respects,

in terms of,

out of one's hands,

out of sorts,

to pieces,

[be] up for grabs,

with flying colors,

with good intentions,

10.5 Prepositional phrases with the and -s

10.6 Prepositional phrases with possessive pronouns

at one's convenience,

behind one=s back,

of one=s accord,

on one's way to,

[be] on one's own,

out of one=s mind,

over one=s dead body,

to the best of my knowledge,

to one's face,

[right] under someone's nose/under the nose[s] of,

10.6 Prepositional phrases with possessive pronouns and -s

at one=s finger tips,

in one's shoes,

on one's last legs,

on one's toes,

10.7 Prepositional phrases with no

by no means

to no avail,

under no circumstances,

CHAPTER 11 VERBAL PHRASES CLASSIFIED BY A, 0, -S, AND THE

11.1 Verbal phrases with 0

be on hold,

bear in mind,

bring in question,

bring into play,

bring to light,

bring to mind,

catch sight of,

come in handy,

come into line with,

come into play,

fall victim to,

find fault with,

find way [to Vrb],

follow suit,

get attention,

get cold feet,

get hold of,

get in touch with ,

get out of hand,

get possession of ,

get rid of,

give birth to,

give notice of/that,

give rise to,

give testimony [to],

give way [to],

go out of business,

go to bat for,

[have/be] on hand,

have occasion to Vrb

jump ship,

keep house,

keep in hand,

keep in mind,

keep in step [with]

keep in touch,

keep pace with,

keep track of,

kill time,

learn by heart,

leave word,

lose face,

lose possession of,

lose sight of,

lose touch with,

lose track of,

make fun of,

make good money,

make head or tail of

make sense,

obtain possession of,

pay attention [to],

play by ear,

play it by ear,

put on weight,

put sb/st at risk,

put sth into practice,

put to death,

save face

serve notice of/that,

set foot

show promise,

stand to reason,

take by storm,

take by surprise,

take leave of

take notice of/that,

take root,

take note of,

take advantage [of],

take possession of,

take advantage [of],

take care [of],

take charge [of],

take effect,

take exception to,

take for granted,

take hold of,

take part [in],

take place,

take shape,

talk turkey,

throw cold water on,

11.2 Verbal phrases with a

call it a day,

come to an end

do me a favor,

drop a line,

get a black eye,

give an explanation,

give me a break,

give me a chance,

give me a hand,

have a big mouth,

have a crush on,

have a day off,

have a good time,

have a soft spot for,

have a word with,

have an impact on,

have an intention to,

have sb over a barrel,

jump to a conclusion,

keep an eye on,

make a clean breast,

make a difference,

make a face

make a fool of sb,

make a living,

make a pass at,

make a point of Vrb-ing,

pick a quarrel,

ring a bell,

strike a deal,

take a chance,

take st with a grain of salt,

take a look at,

take a stand on,

teach a lesson,

take a risk,

take a stand.

take a [different, etc.] view of,

turn a blind eye to,

turn over a new leaf,

11.3 Verbal phrases with the

beat around(about), the bush,

bite the bullet,

blow the whistle [on sb],

break the ice,

break the news,

burn the midnight oil,

bury the hatchet,

come to the point,

come to the wire,

cross the line,

do the cleaning

do the ironing

do the laundry

do the sweeping

so the washing

do the trick,

draw the line,

drop the subject,

face the music,

fly off the handle,

get the upper hand,

get to the bottom of st,

give sb the cold shoulder,

go against the grain,

have the heart,

have the upper hand,

hit below the belt,

make the most of,

there is more to st than meets the eye,

run the risk [of],

to say the least,

say the word,

scratch the surface,

sit on the fence,

take the stand,

walk the line between A and B

11.4 Verbal phrases with -s

be up in arms,

bear arms,

break ranks [with]

burst into tears,

call someone names,

change hands,

come to terms,

cut corners,

fall to pieces,

go bananas

handle with kid gloves,

have/get cold feet,

have words with,

lay eyes on,

make ends meet,

make friends [with],

pull strings,

11.6 Verbal phrases with possessive pronouns

blow one's top,

break one=s heart,

break one=s word,

call one's attention to,

change one's mind,

drag one's feet,

drag one's heels,

clear one's throat,

cool one's heels,

do one's assignment

do one's lesson

do one's best

do one's duty

get under one's skin,

give one=s word,

go to one=s head,

hang over one's head,

have st on one's mind,

have one's heart set on,

have one's own way,

hold one's breath,

hold one's own,

hold one's tongue,

keep one's mouth shut,

keep one's nose clean,

keep one's word,

kick up one's heels,

let one's hair down,

lose one's shirt,

lose one's mind,

lose one's temper,

make one's hair stand on end,

make up one's mind,

make one's mouth water,

make one's point,

open one's mind,

pull one's leg,

take one's breath away

take one's revenge on sb,

take one's time,

turn one's back on,

watch your mouth,

watch one's step,

watch your tongue,

work one=s way up,

11.7 Verbal phrases with possessive pronoun and -s

cool one=s heels,

come to one=s senses,

have one=s hands full,

Appendix

|Washington, DC. 2 (AP), -- The White House spokesman, Martin Fitzswater, dropped the article the today when he referred to the people of Ukraine.

|And Adrian Karmazyn of the National Association, explained, "Ukrainian Americans prefer it without the 'the.'"

|The article is used for regions like 'the Appalachians' or 'the Crimea,'" he continued. "We've always had a problem with the use of the article because we've long felt we were independent."

|Mr. Karmazyn noted that Ukrainians had made an issue of the name for a long time, but that the question of use of the article has come to the forefront with the movement to secede from the Soviet Union, culminating in a decisive referendum vote Sunday. (NYT 12-3-91)

References

[1] A comprehensive Grammar of the English Language

[2] The Compact Oxford English dictionary

[3] Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

[4] Longman Dictionary of American English

[5] Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

[6] Collins Cobuild English Dictionary

[7] The Newsbury House Dictionary of American English

[8] The Kenkyusha Dictionary of English Collocations

[9] A Dictionary of American Idioms